Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease - Online ISSN: 2574-0334
The Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease (BCHD) journal is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated to cultivating a deeper understanding of how bioactive compounds impact health and disease across diverse fields of science. It is indexed in the following databases: Scopus, Index Copernicus, Crossref, and Google Scholar. In particular, Scopus has listed the BCHD journal since October 2021, with a current CiteScore of 3.9 (Calculated on January 5th, 2026). The primary objective of this journal is to develop research in an effort to better understand bioactive compounds and their role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Through the investigation of bioactive compounds from the standpoint of functional foods, we have defined these compounds as: “Food bioactive compounds are primary and secondary metabolites of nutritive and non-nutritive natural components that generate bioactive impacts on the body, thereby contributing to overall human health.” The BCHD journal addresses the definition of food bioactive compounds (FBCs), where they are located, and how they affect particular molecular pathways. Readers can expect to find current research on the implications of FBCs for human health, as well as their potential to relieve symptoms of chronic diseases. The evaluation of the interplay between FBCs at subcellular, cellular, tissue, and whole-body levels may reveal changes in biological activity that directly impact biomarkers. Furthermore, the publication contains a broad range of research pertaining to the sources and identification of food bioactive compounds (i.e., prebiotic and probiotic compounds, sterols, minerals, vitamins, anthocyanins, dietary fiber, flavonoids, flavonols, isoflavones, lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, phytochemicals, and more). It investigates how the consumption of certain functional foods contributes to human health, such as the anticancer effects of garlic (a plant food) or the impact of fermented milk products (animal products) on gut microbiota. The journal serves as an excellent resource for students, professors, public health professionals, medical doctors, dieticians, nutritionists, and the general public. It presents valuable insights into modern advancements that promote optimal health, reduce the risk of chronic or viral diseases, and support symptom management through bioactive compounds. Scopus Metrics: [Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease - Scopus Page] You can submit your manuscripts here or directly to the Editorial Office at editor@ffhdj.com as an email attachment. Please also submit a Cover Letter. You can find a BCHD Cover Letter here.
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Antioxidant activity of Mentha longifolia aromatic oils and theirapplication in extending beef burger shelf life
Background: Lipid oxidation is a major factor affecting the chemical stability and shelf life of processed meat products during frozen storage. Natural plant oils rich in bioactive compounds have gained attention as effective alternatives to Mentha longifolia antioxidants. These compounds can reduce oxidative deterioration and improve product quality. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Mentha longifolia oil on the chemical properties and oxidative stability of processed burger patties during frozen storage. Materials and Methods: Crude Mentha longifolia oil was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus. Burger samples were divided into four treatments: control (T1) without oil addition, and T2, T3, and T4, each supplemented with 1, 2, and 3 g of Mentha longifolia oil, respectively. Chemical analyses were conducted before freezing and during 60 days of frozen storage at −18 °C, with testing performed twice per month. Fatty acid composition and flavonoid profiles were determined using GC–MS and HPLC, while oxidative stability was evaluated by measuring free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA). Results: Mentha longifolia oil exhibited a high content of essential fatty acids and 38 identified flavonoid compounds, dominated by caffeic acid, apigenin, quercetin, and 4-hydroxy derivatives. No significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) were observed among treatments before freezing. During frozen storage, oxidative indices increased in all samples; however, oil-treated burgers showed significantly lower FFA, PV, and TBA values, with treatments T3 and T4 recording the lowest values compared to the control. Keywords: antioxidant activity; natural antioxidants; flavonoids; Mentha longifolia aromatic oils; beef burger; shelf-life extension
Copyright (c) 2026 Suhair Ali Hussein, Sari Ali Hussien, Firas Najm Ismael https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemical melioration of saline soils and its residual effect on the quality and quantity of nutrients in corn grain
Background: Soil salinization reduces the availability of micronutrients, which are essential for producing functional foods such as corn. This makes it increasingly difficult to grow food in saline soils that meet the required nutritional standards for human health. Therefore, improving soil quality through the adoption of proper farming practices is vital to ensure the continued production of functional foods and their associated health benefits. Objective: The research was conducted from 2021 to 2024 in the Mrgashat community of the Metsamor region, Armavir marz, RA, under field conditions. The desalination and dealkalization processes and their impact on germination, growth, yield, qualitative characteristics, chemical composition, and functionality of the "Turbo" corn subtype were studied under varying flushing water standards. Methods: The study focused on improving saline-alkaline soils through chemical melioration with sulfuric acid, using different amounts of flushing water (25%, 50%, and 100% of the calculated norm). The effects of these treatments on the soil and the qualitative properties and chemical composition of corn were assessed. Results: With the full sulfuric acid dose (7.1 kg) and 25% flushing water (9.6 m³), a decrease in soil chemical indicators was observed. Still, the corn seeds did not germinate, suggesting an insufficient combination of ameliorant and water for effective desalination. These data can serve as a basis for assessing the extent of flushing water's effect on desalination efficiency. When 50% flushing water (19.2 m³) was used, topsoil amelioration occurred, but significant salt accumulation remained in the deeper soil layers. Partial seed germination indicated that this amount of flushing water was not enough for complete salt removal. Using 100% flushing water (38.3 m³) with the full sulfuric acid dose (7.1 kg) resulted in complete desalination and alkalinization. A marked increase in calcium (Ca) in the adsorption complex was observed, enhancing plant growth and yield. In the first year of sowing, the yield reached 29.0 qt/ha, indicating that a higher flushing water dose significantly improved soil conditions and increased yield. Novelty: This research is the first in the RA to examine the effects of different flushing water amounts on the efficiency of saline-alkaline soil amelioration and on corn growth, germination, yield, and functionality. The study emphasizes that proper selection of flushing water volume is crucial for effective salt removal, and that the combination of the ameliorant and water should be optimized to maximize desalination efficiency and high-functioning food production. Conclusion: The research demonstrates that varying amounts of flushing water significantly influence the efficiency of soil desalination and alkalinization. The use of 100% flushing water ensures complete desalination, improves soil chemical composition, and increases both corn yield and quality. These findings provide a basis for selecting optimal melioration practices to improve saline-alkaline soils and enhance functional food production. Keywords: Soil salinization, desalination, dealkalization, flushing water, melioration, sulfuric acid, corn, functional food.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marina Barseghyan, Gayane Gasparyan, Inga Beglaryan, Tatevik Jhangiryan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Manufacturing functional biscuits fortified with dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and assessing its physical and sensory properties and microbial activity
Background: Natural substances derived from dill (Anethum graveolens) are characterized by broad antimicrobial activity against numerous human pathogens, attributable to their rich content of bioactive compounds and strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Consequently, dill may be considered both a valuable nutritional supplement and a promising source of herbal medicinal agents. Objective: This research aimed to develop high-fiber biscuits through partial replacement of wheat flour with dill powder levels at 5% and 10%, and to evaluate the effects on chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activity against selected pathogenic microorganisms. Results: Chemical analysis of dill revealed carbohydrate, protein, fat, crude fiber, and ash contents of 9.02%, 3.26%, 2.10%, 3.12%, and 0.96%, respectively. The moisture content was 81.34%, indicting a high water-retention capacity that may positively influence both sensory and functional properties. Phytochemical analysis demonstrated a diverse profile of phenolic and aromatic compounds, as well as amino acids. Microbiological analysis confirmed that all biscuit samples were free of coliform bacteria. Additionally, the alcohol extract of dill exhibited strong inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria, including E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus. Sensory evaluation indicated that dill incorporation improved taste, aroma, texture, and overall acceptability of the biscuits compared with the control formulation. Novelty: This study is the first to systematically incorporate dill powder into high-fiber biscuits while simultaneously evaluating its nutritional enhancement, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens. Unlike previous studies that have focused on dill extracts or on bakery product fortification in isolation, the present work demonstrates the dual functionality of dill as both a natural preservative and a functional food ingredient within a ready-to-eat bakery product. Conclusion: Dill exhibits valuable nutritional properties, including appreciable protein and lipid contents, in addition to serving as a rich natural source of phytonutrients. These findings highlight the multifaceted potential of dill as a source of bioactive compounds, supporting its application in the functional food industry as a natural antioxidant and preservative. Consequently, dill may serve as a safe and effective ingredient for enhancing both the nutritional value and sensory quality of food products. Keywords: Dill powder; Functional food; Natural preservative; Plant-based fortification; High-fiber biscuits; Antimicrobial activity; Antioxidant capacity
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Jumhaa Fadhil, Baraa A. Almairza, Abeer Majeed, Sara Thamer Hadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Saponins from Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng improve intestinal barrier function and probiotic adhesion in human intestinal Caco-2 cells
Background: Intestinal barrier function is critically important for human health. Despite the promising biological properties of herbal extracts, limited research has addressed the effects of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng saponin (APS) extracts on intestinal barrier function and probiotic adhesion, particularly under conditions of inflammatory stress. In the present study, we investigated the effects of APS on Caco-2 cell monolayers challenged with LPS as an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng saponin (APS) extracts in preserving the intestinal epithelial barrier in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Methods: Caco-2 monolayers were exposed to LPS to induce barrier dysfunction. Subsequently, the monolayers were treated with APS. Barrier function was evaluated by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), FITC-dextran flux permeability, tight junction protein (Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1) expression, and cellular ATP levels. In addition, the growth and adhesion of Lactobacillus rhamnosus to Caco-2 cell monolayers were assessed. Results: APS treatment significantly increased TEER values, decreased FITC-dextran permeability, restored the expression of tight junction proteins (Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1), and recovered intracellular ATP levels compared to the LPS group. Furthermore, APS significantly enhanced the growth and adhesion of Lactobacillus rhamnosus to Caco-2 cell monolayers, even under inflammatory conditions. Novelty: This study identifies a previously uncharacterized synergistic role of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng saponins in coordinating intestinal barrier protection and probiotic adhesion under inflammatory stress. These findings provide new mechanistic insight into the integrated actions of combined botanical saponins in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Conclusion: These findings suggest that APS exerts protective effects on intestinal barrier function and promotes probiotic adherence against LPS-induced intestinal injury in human epithelial cells. APS may be considered a valuable nutritional and therapeutic supplement for maintaining gastrointestinal health. Keywords: Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng extracts; Inflammatory bowel disease; Intestinal probiotics; Tight junction proteins.
Copyright (c) 2026 Su-Fen Huang, Han-Wen Yang, Ching-Hui Ou, I-Chu Tang, Wen-Liang Chang, Tsu-Chung Chang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microbial diversity and probiotic potential of traditionally fermented African locust bean condiment (Dawadawa) from Kogi State, Nigeria
Background: Dawadawa, a protein-rich condiment from African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa), remains poorly characterized in North-Central Nigeria despite widespread consumption and traditional claims of health benefits. Objectives: This study investigated the microbial diversity, probiotic potential, and safety profile of traditionally fermented Dawadawa from Kogi State, Nigeria. Methods: Thirty Dawadawa samples were collected from Anyigba, Dekina, and Ankpa local government areas. Comprehensive microbiological characterization used culture-dependent methods, biochemical identification, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Probiotic attributes, including gastric acid tolerance, bile salt resistance, cell surface hydrophobicity, and adhesion capacity, were evaluated. Antimicrobial activity and safety assessments were performed using standardized protocols. Results: Total viable counts ranged from 7.42 to 8.91 log CFU/g, with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) dominating at 7.15-8.34 log CFU/g. Sixteen bacterial species were identified, with Bacillus subtilis (47%) and Lactobacillus plantarum (23%) predominating. Selected LAB isolates demonstrated gastric acid tolerance of 73-89% at pH 3.0, bile salt tolerance of 68-84% at 0.3% oxgall, and strong adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells (2.8-8.4 CFU/cell). Antimicrobial assays revealed inhibition zones of 12-24 mm against pathogenic indicators. All samples were negative for Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes and showed no acquired antibiotic resistance. Conclusion: Dawadawa from Kogi State harbors diverse beneficial microorganisms with significant probiotic potential, supporting its development as a functional food and source of indigenous probiotic strains. This study represents the first comprehensive probiotic characterization of Dawadawa from North-Central Nigeria, identifying indigenous L. plantarum strains with exceptional functional properties suitable for probiotic development. Keywords: Dawadawa, Parkia biglobosa, lactic acid bacteria, probiotic potential, fermented condiment, functional food, Nigerian indigenous food
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulbasit Anoze Aliyu, Momoh Theophilus Boniface, Egbeja Tsobaza Idris, Agah Dorathy, Iyeh Peter, Sulaiman Muhammed Saleh, Alfa Muhammed Salisu, Okala Yunusa Yusufu, Amodu Salisu Ameh, Okeme Ukwumonu Patrick, Idris Mustapha Omenesa, Zakari David Adeiza, Inah Blessing Mabeh, Abiodun Sunday Olusegun, Ebere Adaeze Onyebueke, Azeez Zainab, Musa Oiza Aishat, Yabefa Jeremiah Akpodoitei, Suleiman Mohammed Salisu, Godwin Amoka Audu, Adefila Adebimpe Moyosore, Joseph Abraham-Oyiguh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Proline Rich Peptide-Linked Albumin Particles in Experimental Oxidative Brain Damage Model
Background: The leading contributors to death and disability are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and stroke. PRP-1 (Proline Rich Peptide) is a peptideisolated from the bovine hypothalamus and identified in the human brain. It was shown that this peptide may have antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. However, the circulation time of peptides in the bloodstream is limited; therefore, coupling PRP-1 with albumin nanoparticles might prolong its stability and bioavailability. The purpose of the study was to evaluate PRP-1 conjugated with albumin nanoparticles in an experimental brain injury model induced by hydrogen peroxide. Methods: We used Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM; Philips CM10) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to evaluate particle size and zeta potential. The brain injury model was created using hydrogen peroxide as a source of free radicals, which induced disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). BBB disruption was quantified by measuring Evans Blue dye accumulation in the brain parenchyma. Results: Through sedimentation and filtration procedures, we obtained stable nanoparticles (NPs). PRP-1–coupled NPs degraded more slowly in the presence of trypsin than control NPs. Furthermore, PRP-1/NPs partially prevented BBB disruption in the experimental model. Conclusion: PRP-1/albumin NPs protected the BBB under experimental brain injury conditions. Keywords: PRP-1, neurohormone, experimental stroke, albumin, nanoparticles, blood–brain barrier
Copyright (c) 2025 Kristine Edgar Danielyan, Nazeli Zaqaryan, Rita Khallouf, Maria Kojoyan, Kristine Tspnetsyan, Arpi Manukyan, Astghik Tsokolakyan, Mkrtich Alexan Yeranosyan, Samvel G. Chailyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of supplementation with n-trans caffeoyltyramine and n-trans feruloyltyramine on glycemia in prediabetic individuals:Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Background: The global prevalence of elevated blood glucose levels is at an all-time high. For many people, reversal to normoglycemia is possible with diet and lifestyle modification. Dietary bioactives, in the form of functional food formulations or supplements, have attracted interest for their potential to improve glycemic control. In silico prediction, validated by preclinical research, has identified novel bioactives, N-trans-Caffeoyltyramine (NCT) and N-trans- Feruloyltyramine (NFT), as potent HNF4α agonists with gluco-regulatory effects. While promising, clinical studies are needed to validate these findings in humans. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a proprietary dietary supplement containing 120 mg of NCT/NFT on fasting blood glucose and other biomarkers of glycemia in an otherwise healthy population with prediabetes. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel arm trial was conducted in Asian Indian adults (Age: 18-50 years; BMI: 25-30 kg/m2) with prediabetes (fasting blood glucose >100 mg/dL and <126 mg/dL) and abdominal adiposity (waist circumference >80 cm for females and >90 cm for males). A total of 126 participants were randomized to receive either 120 mg/d NCT/NFT (n=63) or placebo (n=63) for 4 weeks. Outcomes were measured at day 0 and day 28. The primary endpoint was fasting blood glucose. Secondary endpoints included fasting insulin, postprandial glucose response, and time spent within and outside of the ideal glucose range (<140 mg/dL) as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Additional outcomes related to CGM will be presented in a subsequent publication. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum lipids, and anthropometrics were also measured. Results: Supplementation with a proprietary sustained-release formula of 120 mg/d NCT/NFT for 4 weeks resulted in significant improvements in the primary outcome measure, fasting blood glucose (NCT/NFT: -4.1 ± 7.1 mg/dL vs. Placebo: -0.7 ± 7.0 mg/dL; p=0.0026). Fasting insulin, postprandial glucose response, and time spent outside of the ideal glucose range were also significantly improved with treatment (p=0.0147, p=0.0036, and p=0.0138, respectively). No changes were observed in other markers of glycemia, lipid profile, or anthropometric measures. Conclusions: Naturally occurring bioactive compounds, NCT and NFT, act as potent HNF4 α agonists for the part that they play in blood glucose regulation and should be considered as part of a comprehensive approach to support glycemic and overall metabolic health. Novelty of the Study: This study is among the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials to evaluate the effects of N-trans caffeoyltyramine (NCT) and N-trans feruloyltyramine (NFT) supplementation on blood glucose regulation in prediabetic adults. While prior research has focused on outcomes that provide a snapshot in time (e.g. fasting glucose or insulin), this study uniquely integrates both cross-sectional (fasting levels) and continuous endpoints (continuous glucose monitoring), providing a comprehensive assessment of bloglucose regulation through novel bioactive compounds. The findings introduce a new direction for bioactive supplementation targeting individuals with looking to maintain healthy blood glucose regulation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT06417840. Keywords: dietary supplements, N-trans caffeoyltyramine, N-trans feruloyltyramine, prediabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, glucose regulation, HNF4α, NCT, NFT
Copyright (c) 2025 Swati Kalgaonkar, Seema Gulati, Anoop Misra, Rajneesh Tiwari, Michelle L. Zuelch https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Blueberries and raspberries as endocrine modulators: Mechanisms, clinical evidence, and translational guidance
Endocrine pathways are increasingly recognized as important targets for preventive and adjunctive care. Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) and raspberries (Rubus spp.) are particularly rich in anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and related flavonoids with hormone-modulating properties. Recent evidence from mechanistic and clinical studies, particularly in 2023–2024, suggests that berry-derived bioactives impact estrogen receptors, insulin signaling, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Yet issues of bioavailability, microbiome conversion, and dosing remain insufficiently integrated. Key findings highlight selective estrogen receptor modulator–like activity that improves estrogen metabolism and menopausal health; enhanced insulin sensitivity via AMPK activation, insulin receptor signaling, and α-amylase/α-glucosidase inhibition; and HPA axis modulation with reduced cortisol exposure and improved circadian rhythms. Clinical trials in peri- and postmenopausal women report better sleep, mood, and hot-flash outcomes, while pilot studies in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) suggest improved insulin sensitivity and lower androgen levels. Preliminary data also indicate antioxidative and immune-modulatory effects on thyroid function. Whole berries (≈150–200 g/day) or standardized freeze-dried equivalents consistently deliver endocrine-relevant benefits with excellent tolerability. Although plasma levels of parent anthocyanins are low, microbiome-derived metabolites such as urolithins and inter-individual variability in metabolism likely shape clinical responses. Blueberries and raspberries act as multi-target endocrine modulators through receptor, enzyme, neuroendocrine, and microbiome-mediated mechanisms. Their routine dietary inclusion represents a practical, safe strategy to support hormonal balance across life stages. Large-scale trials remain essential to define effective dosing, compare whole fruits versus extracts, and explore personalized nutrition approaches. Novelty: This study is among the first to integrate mechanistic, clinical, and translational evidence on blueberries and raspberries as endocrine modulators. Unlike prior research focusing on single pathways, we highlight their combined effects on estrogen receptors, insulin signaling, and the HPA axis, while also considering microbiome-derived metabolites such as urolithins. By synthesizing recent 2023–2024 findings, this work reframes these berries as clinically relevant functional foods with the potential to support menopausal health, PCOS, and broader hormonal balance. Keywords: flavonoids; anthocyanins; ellagitannins; endocrine function; blueberries; raspberries; phytochemicals; insulin sensitivity; stress hormones
Copyright (c) 2025 FFC/Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Oxidative stress induced by some preservatives and the protective effects of dietary bioactive compounds
Food preservatives such as nitrites, nitrates, sodium benzoate, and synthetic phenolic antioxidants are widely used to enhance the safety, stability, and sensory properties of foods. Despite these benefits, increasing evidence indicates that chronic or high-dose exposure to preservatives may induce oxidative stress, which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of cancer, metabolic disorders, and reproductive dysfunction. This review summarizes findings from animal, in vitro, and human studies on the relationship between preservatives and oxidative stress, with a focus on nitrites in processed meats and sodium benzoate. Experimental data consistently demonstrate increased lipid peroxidation, suppression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis following high-dose preservative exposure, although these doses often exceed typical human dietary intake. Epidemiological studies support the association between nitrite-derived N-nitroso compounds and colorectal carcinogenesis, aligning with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification of processed meats as Group 1 carcinogens. In contrast, dietary bioactive compounds such as garlic oil, honey, Nigella sativa, curcumin, berberine, omega-3 fatty acids, and polyphenols have shown protective effects by modulating oxidative pathways and restoring redox balance. However, most of these benefits are observed at pharmacological levels, raising concerns about their practical relevance in human diets. Unlike previous reviews that focus solely on the toxicity of preservatives, this study uniquely integrates the mechanistic evidence of preservative-induced oxidative stress with the mitigating potential of functional food-based dietary strategies. Overall, preservatives may act as pro-oxidants under certain conditions, while antioxidant-rich dietary patterns may offer protective potential. Further human-based studies at realistic exposure levels are essential to strengthen risk assessment and guide public health recommendations. Keywords: Preservatives; Oxidative Stress; Antioxidants; Bioactive Compounds; Nutrition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ece Celik Atalay, Adviye Gulcin Sagdicoglu Celep, Francesco Marotta, Roberto Catanzaro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Testing a patented fermented papaya preparation on key aging redox and functional markers in middle-aged individuals. A 10-month randomized, single-blind, crossover study
Objectives: Physical activity and cardiovascular system efficiency are known to be inversely associated with all-cause mortality. Thus, efforts are focused on preventative strategies for middle-aged and elderly subjects who lead sedentary lifestyles and may be further burdened. This is associated with a decay in mitochondrial efficiency and capacity for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, which is associated with decreased performance and overall bioenergetics. Methods: After having confirmed their eligibility, 160 (45-72 years old, m/f: 50/110 participants were admitted into a double blind, 4-month crossover, separated by a one-month washout period, trial, and random assignment to one of two study treatments using a patented fermented papaya preparation (FPP®), endowed with antioxidant properties. Subjects took two sachets per day, each one containing synthetic vitamins (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, alpha-lipoic acid, and dextrose). At the beginning, 1, 2, and 4 months, biochemical assays of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and nitric oxide (NO) were performed on peripheral blood plasma or red blood cells (RBC) (ATP) on sample aliquots stored at −80°C. Results: FPP® intervention showed a statistically significant increase in RBC-ATP (0.05 vs Multivitamin) at 2 and 4 months of observation. Both treatments significantly improved Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) at the 4-month observation with an earlier 2-month increase in the FPP® group (p<0.01). Despite an overall wide scattering of OxLDL values, by clustering the 52-71-year-old participants, this group has significantly higher values than the younger counterpart. Both treatments, particularly FPP® (expressed as percentage change from baseline), led to a significant decrease (p<0,05). While Multivitamin treatment was ineffective in improving FMD or NO levels, these parameters significantly increased during FPP® treatment. Conclusion: The present research study shows that a specific fermented functional food (FPP®) may offer an interesting interventional strategy to tentatively counteract age-related endothelial dysfunction, redox dysregulation, and bioenergetic decline, compared with a synthetic multivitamin mixture. Keywords: Fermented papaya, aging redox, endothelial dysfunction, redox dysregulation, bioenergetic decline
Copyright (c) 2025 J. Cervi, R. Catanzaro, R. Rastmanesh, F. Marotta, M. Castillo-Garzon , M. Osato , A. Nardin, C. Aperio, A. Moghadam Ahmadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Native cacao from southern Mexico: polyphenol profiling and its impact on inflammation and lipid metabolism modulation
Background: Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is well known for its polyphenolic profile, which confers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This investigation provides remarkable evidence on the functional potential of the native Criollo cacao variety Rojo Samuel (RS), a poorly characterized cultivar from southern Mexico, particularly regarding its effects on macrophage-mediated inflammation and lipid metabolism. Methods: Phenolic compounds were extracted, quantified, and characterized from cacao beans. TNFα expression and nitric oxide production (NO) were measured in RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with cacao phenolic extracts. The lipid accumulation in adipocytes (3T3-L1) was evaluated using Oil Red O stain and triglyceride accumulation during the differentiation process. PPARγ and fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression were determined by Western blot in mature adipocytes treated with native cacao extracts. Results: In RAW 264.7 macrophages, treatment with cacao phenolic extracts significantly reduced NO production by 20-75%; however, TNF-α expression was not significantly affected by the treatment. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, treatment with 150 µg extract/mL during adipocyte differentiation significantly decreased lipid accumulation (20.6%), intracellular triglyceride content (41.3%), PPARγ expression (81.2%), and FAS expression (40.2%). These effects are likely attributable to the presence of a variety of phenolic compounds in the cacao extracts, including epicatechin, catechin, procyanidins, and others. Novelty of the Study: Unlike prior research that focused primarily on cacao for industrial applications, this study demonstrates that phenolic extracts from the Criollo cacao variety Rojo Samuel (RS) exhibit antioxidant properties, modulate macrophage-mediated inflammation, and influence lipid metabolism in adipocytes. These findings highlight the potential of this native variety as a valuable source of functional food substances. Conclusion: Phenolic compounds from RS cacao showed biological activity relevant to inflammation and lipid metabolism regulation, in addition to their antioxidant effects. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of this native underexplored cacao variety as a promising source of functional food substances. Keywords: Criollo cacao, polyphenols, inflammation, lipid metabolism.
Effects of extraction, purification, and drying on the antioxidant capacity of wheat bran extracts
Background: Antioxidants (AO) present in wheat bran (WB) contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer and type 2 diabetes. The choice of extraction technology is critical for obtaining biologically active compounds from plant material. Depending on the processing conditions, extracts obtained from the same raw material may vary in compositions, which directly affect their antioxidant potential (AOP). Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different extraction, purification, and freeze-drying methods on the antioxidant potential (total antioxidant capacity – TAC, total phenolic compounds – TPC, total flavonoid compounds – TFC), as well as on protein and reducing sugar contents of wheat bran extracts, in order to identify the most effective approach for producing antioxidant-rich dry extracts. Methods: Wheat bran extracts were prepared via maceration (MM, aqueous and ethanol), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE, aqueous and ethanol), and enzymatic aqueous extraction (EAE). TAC was evaluated using FRAP, ORAC and DPPH assays; , TPC by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and TFC by the aluminum chloride method. Extracts were purified by either nylon-membrane filtration or ethanol (96%) precipitation and then freeze-dried with or without maltodextrin (MD). Reducing sugars and proteins were quantified using the sulfuric acid method and Lowry/Bradford assays, respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted with STATISTICA 10.0. Results: Enzymatic aqueous extraction (EAE) produced the highest TACFRAP (1,64 ± 0,03 μmol-eq. Q/ g of bran, p < 0.05) and the highest TPC (1.39 ± 0.12 μmol-eq. G/g of bran). The ethanolic UAE exhibited the highest TACORAC and TACDPPH (8,12 ± 0,27 and 0,89 ± 0,001 μmol-eq. Q/g of bran, respectively, p < 0.05) but had lower TPC and TFC compared to other extracts. Ethanol precipitation reduced protein content by 84-92% and sugars by 40% (p < 0.05), while increasing TACFRAP and TACORAC by over 60% (p < 0.05). Freeze-drying preserved high TAC values in both control and filtered extracts, regardless of maltodextrin (MD) addition Conclusion: The choice of extraction method strongly affects the recovery of antioxidants from wheat bran. Enzymatic extraction combined with ethanol precipitation and freeze-drying produces extracts with enhanced antioxidant potential, reduced impurities, and preserved bioactivity, representing an effective strategy for obtaining antioxidant-rich wheat bran extracts for functional food and nutraceutical applications. This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of this combined approach, offering a practical method for producing high-quality, antioxidant-rich wheat bran extracts. Keywords: plant antioxidants, phenolic compounds, ultrasonic extraction, enzymatic extraction, freeze-drying, ethanol precipitation, optimization, functional food, nutraceutical applications
In vitro protease digestion affects protein-derived bioactive compound content in functional ingredients
Background: Proteins in food are degraded by proteases in the digestive tract, and their products may exhibit physiological activities. In vitro protease digestion mimics digestion of food protein in the body. When crude herbal drugs used in Japanese Kampo medicines are subjected to in vitro protease digestion, which mimics in vivo processes, decarboxylated amino acids (biogenic amines) are detected in the digest. The protease-resistant dipeptide, pyroglutamyl leucine (pyroGlu-Leu), is present in fermented foods. In vitro protease digestion of functional foods and ingredients has not yet been studied. Objective: To identify protein-derived compounds by in vitro protease digestion of three functional ingredients that possess anti-inflammatory effects: a standardized extract of Asparagus officinalis stem (EAS), a standardized extract of cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia (ECLM), and a standardized oligomerized-polyphenol from Litchi chinensis fruit extract (OPLFE). Methods: Functional ingredients were treated with endoproteinases and exopeptidases. To detect decarboxylated amino acids, amino groups were derivatized with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC), and a precursor ion scan was performed using liquid chromatography separation–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to target the product ions. AQC-derivatized amines were identified, and decarboxylated amino acids and pyroGlu-Leu in the digests were analyzed and quantified using LC–MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Undigested functional ingredients were analyzed by LC–MS/MS and used as the negative control. Results: Decarboxylated amino acids with anti-inflammatory activity were detected in both undigested functional ingredients and their protease digestion. Tyramine was abundant in OPLFE, but its content was significantly decreased after in vitro protease digestion. 2-Methylbutylamine and isoamylamine were present in both undigested ECLM and its digest, whereas trace amounts of isobutylamine were also detected. In addition, pyroGlu-Leu, which also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, was highly abundant in undigested ECLM, and its content was significantly increased after in vitro protease digestion. Conclusion: We first reported that decarboxylated amino acids and pyroGlu-Leu are present in undigested functional ingredients and/or formed from their proteins by in vitro protease digestion. When functional ingredients are ingested, these protein-derived compounds may exert anti-inflammatory and other beneficial effects. This methodology may be applied to other functional foods and ingredients, leading to understanding of their effects in the body. Keywords: Functional food, bioactive compound, decarboxylated amino acid, trace amine, in vitro protease digestion, LC–MS/MS.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saki Shirako, Satoshi Miyauchi, Kenji Sato, Mikio Nishizawa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Aspartame, saccharin, sucralose, and stevia: Oxidative stress pathways and functional food perspectives
Background: The increasing consumption of non-caloric sweeteners has raised concerns regarding their potential effects on oxidative stress and related health outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that artificial sweeteners, particularly aspartame and saccharin, may induce oxidative stress in a dose-, duration-, and tissue-dependent manner. In contrast, natural sweeteners, such as stevia, may offer protective effects. This review synthesizes current findings on the oxidative and metabolic effects of non-caloric sweeteners, outlining key methodological limitations and the need for long-term clinical investigations. It further integrates mechanistic insights to distinguish the differential redox effects of artificial versus natural sweeteners and explores how antioxidant-rich functional foods might mitigate these impacts. This review comprehensively integrates mechanistic, experimental, and dietary evidence linking non-caloric sweeteners to oxidative stress while introducing functional food–based strategies to mitigate redox imbalance. It provides an updated synthesis relevant to evidence-based dietary guidance and regulatory evaluation. Keywords: non-caloric sweeteners, aspartame, saccharin, stevia, antioxidants, oxidative stress, food additives, functional foods, bioactive compounds
Copyright (c) 2025 Ece Celik Atalay, A. Gulcin Sagdicoglu Celep, Roberto Catanzaro, Francesco Marotta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficacy of the “Complex-Co” Plant Growth Stimulator and Micronutrient Complex Preparation Against Selected Phytopathogens and Postharvest Spoilage Fungi
Background: The growing emphasis on sustainable agriculture has intensified interest in plant growth stimulants derived from natural, non-toxic components. Among these innovations is the micronutrient formulation “Complex-Co,” a tartaric acid–based chelate containing vital elements such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and boron (B). These micronutrients play key roles in plant physiology, including enzyme function, photosynthesis, growth regulation, and stress tolerance. As a plant growth stimulant, “Complex-Co” holds promise for enhancing plant vigor and strengthening resistance against phytopathogenic and postharvest spoilage fungi, major contributors to reduced crop yields and quality deterioration. This study is the first to evaluate the antifungal potential of the multifunctional Complex-Co formulation, which combines copper, zinc, and iron with a biogenic nitrogen-containing tartaric acid derivative. Its unique composition enables simultaneous stimulation of plant growth and inhibition of key postharvest phytopathogens, highlighting its potential for sustainable crop protection and functional-food applications. Objective: This study aims to investigate the antifungal efficacy of the micronutrient-based plant growth promoter “Complex-Co” against selected phytopathogenic and postharvest spoilage fungi. The research evaluates explicitly the antifungal activity of the formulation at concentrations commonly used in standard plant nutrition practices. Furthermore, the study compares the effectiveness of “Complex-Co” with that of conventional copper-based antifungal treatments. Materials and Methods: To assess antifungal activity, fungal strains from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Rhizomucor, and Rhizopus were used as test organisms. Cultures were grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in 90 mm × 15 mm Petri dishes and incubated at 25 ± 1 °C. Once the fungal mycelia reached a diameter of 4-5cm, four sterile filter paper disks (6 mm in diameter) were placed approximately 5mm from the edge of the colony. The “Complex-Co” preparation was tested at 10-fold and 100-fold dilutions, alongside a similarly diluted copper-based antifungal formulation for comparison. Each disk was treated with 20 µL of the respective solution. Following treatment, the plates were incubated at 25°C, and fungal growth inhibition was monitored for 2 to 7 days. Results: The antifungal activity of “Complex-Co” was evaluated against five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium herbarum, Rhizomucor miehei, and Rhizopus oryzae. At a 1:100 dilution, which corresponds to a Cu²⁺ concentration of 0.125 g/L, inhibition was limited, with zones ≤ 8 mm. At a 1:10 dilution ([Cu²⁺]=1.25 g/L), antifungal activity increased markedly, particularly against Alternaria alternata (13 mm), Aspergillus flavus (15 mm), and Cladosporium herbarum (17 mm). Compared with the commercial fungicide “Avgust Ordan” at equivalent copper concentrations, “Complex-Co” showed comparable or superior inhibition against certain fungi. UV-Visible spectroscopy confirmed the presence of proteinaceous and amino acid components, suggesting their roles in copper chelation, solubility, stabilization, and enhanced antifungal activity. These results demonstrate a concentration-dependent antifungal activity and highlight the potential of “Complex-Co” as a multifunctional plant protection and nutrient formulation. Conclusion: Micronutrient “Complex-Co” is demonstrating its potential as a broad-spectrum, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical antifungal treatments. The formulation, which includes essential micronutrients, not only promotes plant growth but also enhances resistance to fungal pathogens. This can reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides, improve crop quality, and increase food security, offering a sustainable solution for both agricultural productivity and public health. Keywords: Chelated Micronutrient, Natural Tartaric Acid, Antifungal Activity, Sustainable Agriculture, Postharvest spoilage fungi.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aram Mikaelyan, Tigran Soghomonyan, Tatevik Evadzhyan, Anna Grigoryan, Nona Asatryan, Armen Aghajanyan, Gohar Oganezova, Nune Khachaturyan, Valeri Bagiyan, Vigen Goginyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Therapeutic utilization of tetrodotoxin for treating carcinomas: a comparative molecular docking and dosage adjustment study
Background: Cancer metastasis is facilitated by voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) through the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. VGSCs play a pivotal role in cancer invasion during its epithelial-mesenchymal transition; hence, decreasing treatability. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent, selective neurotoxin that blocks VGSCs, particularly Nav1.7, which is overexpressed in carcinomas, especially type II endometrial and ductal carcinomas. TTX is found mainly in puffer fish (Fugu) and other marine and terrestrial animals used in traditional Japanese cuisine. TTX carries the potential for therapeutic applications; however, it’s limited by a high toxicity and narrow therapeutic index (NTI), requiring precise dosage control for medicinal use [38]. Thus, TTX appropriate adjustment could give novel anti-metastatic agent, while maintaining a non-toxic concentration for human, what is very important. Limited insights exist on TTX's toxicology and therapeutic potential. Objective: This study employed a multifaceted approach to evaluate the therapeutic potential of TTX in inhibiting carcinoma metastasis while ensuring concentrations remain within non-toxic levels for humans. Due to the hazardous nature of TTX, Carbamazepine (CBZ), an anticonvulsant known to block Nav1.7, was selected as a reference compound. CBZ's established pharmacokinetic profile and lower toxicity allowed for safer experimental handling and provided a comparative baseline for TTX's efficacy. Since collecting volumetric data on CBZ, according to Mohr’s method, was unfeasible due to its fully molecular composition, Verapamil was introduced as a similar channel-blocking drug in chloride salt form. Methods: Verapamil chloride was used for precipitation titration to estimate CBZ’s effective (ED50), toxic (TD50), and lethal (LD50) doses. This was done by using the ED50 of Verapamil and transcribing it to CBZ, as they have very similar TI. Similar tactics were carried out for the determination of the ED50 of TTX in concentration form, yielding its therapeutic dose. TI of TTX was calculated. Molecular Docking analysis of both CBZ and TTX’s interaction with Nav1.7, independently 5 times using 20 starting conformations for each compound, with the virtual box size not exceeding 27,000 Å. Results: In silico analysis showed that TTX binds to Nav1.7 within a pocket, demonstrating lower affinity but greater efficacy due to site-specific interactions, while CBZ binds on a more exposed level with less efficacy. Volumetric dosage-adjustment analysis indicated that, while TTX has NTI ≈ 1.6, careful administration could allow localized carcinoma treatment at 1.737×10⁻⁸ mol cm⁻³/kg. The findings support the hypothesis that TTX, in controlled dosage-adjustment and targeted delivery, could inhibit carcinoma metastasis. Conclusion: TTX has the potential to inhibit the invasion of carcinoma cells, especially those of ductal and type II endometrial carcinomas, by selectively blocking Nav1.7. Careful dosage control and targeted drug delivery systems (which would vary with the stage of the cancer’s development) are necessary to minimize systemic toxicity. Further research is required to practically develop safe administration methods to enhance TTX’s therapeutic viability, with in vivo methodologies. Keywords: Cancer, tetrodotoxin (TTX), voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), carbamazepine (CBZ), novel anti-metastatic agent, verapamil, bioactive, functional food.
Composition of the essential oil of Thuja occidentalis under different growth conditions
Background: Thuja occidentalis essential oil is valuable in an antimicrobial treatment. Its main component, thujone, has biological activity against bronchial catarrh, cystitis, psoriasis, and rheumatism. At the same time, thujone is distinguished by its neurotoxic effect. Thuja occidentalis varieties, such as Thuja occidentalis ‘Pyramidalis’, are widely used in urban green spaces. Objective: This study aims to estimate the influence of growth conditions and plant age on Thuja occidentalis ‘Pyramidalis’ leaves' essential oil composition. Methods: The study was conducted on Thuja occidentalis’ Pyramidalis' plants grown in hydroponic and soil conditions. Red and black slags were used as hydroponic growth substrates. Soil plants and some of the black slag plants were 5-year-old, and red slag plants, and the other half of the black slag plants were 4-year-old. Essential oil was obtained from fresh needle leaves of the plants via hydrodistillation. Essential oil component composition was estimated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Results: Received data showed that the highest thujone content was observed in plants grown on red slag (71.34%), while the other variants had similar low thujone content (soil plants – 58.46%, 5-year-old black slag plants – 59.61%, and 4-year-old black slag plants – 60.3%). The essential oil from 4-year-old plants does not contain β-pinene or terpinen-4-ol. At the same time, the highest content of α-pinene was recorded in 4-year-old black slag plants’ essential oil (7.38%) and the lowest in 4-year-old red slag plants’ essential oil (2.61%); the other two variants' results were close to those of 4-year-old black slag plants. Novelty: For the first time, the essential oil composition of Thuja occidentalis cultivated on various hydroponic substrates was investigated and compared to that of plants grown in soil. Conclusion: According to the results, Thuja occidentalis ‘Pyramidalis’ plants grown on black slag have similarities with soil plants in essential oil composition, while red slag plants show strong differences. Growth conditions affect the composition of essential oils. Plant age also influences it. Keywords: thujone, pinene, red and black slag, Ararat Valley, hydroponics
Copyright (c) 2025 Anahit Hakobjanyan, Astghik Karapetyan, Aristakes Ghahramanyan, Anna Yeghiazaryan, Armen Gasparyan, Khachatur Mayrapetyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetic and biochemical characterization of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus MDC 2012 and its potential in processing of raw pork meat
Background: Pork is an excellent source of essential amino acids, particularly ones containing sulfur, due to its abundance of proteins with high biological value. During meat maturation, amino acids and peptides undergo transformations that directly influence flavor. The meat-fermenting strain Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus MDC 2012 (previously Lactobacillus rhamnosus MDC 2012) offers potential to enhance proteolysis and improve nutritional and sensory qualities. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of L. rhamnosus MDC 2012 on pork amino acid composition during salting and maturation, and to interpret the observed changes using genomic data of the strain. Methods: Amino acid composition of pork was determined using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry on a Bruker Scion SQ 450 GC-MS device (USA), following the manufacturer’s protocol. Whole-genome sequencing was performed with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (UK) on a Flongle R10.4.1 flow cell. High-molecular-weight DNA was isolated using the phenol-chloroform extraction method. Genome analysis focused on proteolytic enzymes relevant to protein degradation. Results: Application of L. rhamnosus MDC 2012 reduced the pork maturation period from 8 to 5 days. Essential amino acids increased significantly, including L-glutamic acid (2.93 → 4.00 %), L-lysine (0.48 → 1.23 %), L-serine (0.83 → 1.57 %), and L-leucine (1.30 → 1.43 %). The marked rise in L-glutamic acid is especially important for the development of brothy flavors. Enhanced L-lysine and L-leucine content improved the biological value of pork. Genomic sequencing revealed more than 21 proteases in L. rhamnosus MDC 2012, which likely contributed to the observed proteolysis and quality enhancement. Conclusion: Use of L. rhamnosus MDC 2012 during pork maturation shortened the processing time while enriching essential amino acids. The strain’s proteolytic enzymes support the generation of peptides and flavor compounds, improving both nutritional quality and sensory attributes. These findings highlight the potential of L. rhamnosus MDC 2012 as a functional starter culture with practical applications in meat production. Keywords: fermented pork meat, salting, amino acid, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, whole-genome sequencing.
Impact of plant-derived melanin on in vitro rooting efficiency and biochemical characteristics of grapevines
Background: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a globally important crop, and effective in vitro propagation is essential for producing healthy, uniform plants. However, optimizing rooting and growth remains a challenge. Plant-derived melanin, known for its antioxidant and auxin-like properties, has shown potential in promoting plant development. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of plant-derived melanin on in vitro rooting efficiency and key biochemical characteristics—such as chlorophyll content, total soluble sugars, and vitamin C levels—in two grapevine cultivars ('Deghin Yerevani' and 'Parvana'). The study also explored the potential of melanin to enhance the nutritional profile of grapevine leaves, which may contribute to the health-promoting properties of grape-derived products. Materials and Methods: Virus-free grapevine microcuttings were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with melanin at concentrations of 0.007%, 0.014%, 0.028%, 0.042%, and 0.056%. The control group received no melanin. After 30 days, rooting parameters (root number and root length) were assessed. The regenerated plants were then transferred to an aeroponic system for further growth. Biochemical analyses included measurements of chlorophyll, total soluble sugars, and vitamin C content in the leaves. All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical comparisons were made using Student’s t-test (P < 0.05), and a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) without replication was performed to assess the effects of cultivar and melanin concentration on rooting efficiency. Results: Melanin enhanced rooting and improved the biochemical profile of grapevine microcuttings in a dose-dependent manner. The 0.028% melanin concentration yielded the highest rooting success and significantly increased chlorophyll, sugar, and vitamin C levels. Higher concentrations (0.042% and 0.056%) did not result in statistically significant improvements (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Plant-derived melanin at an optimal concentration of 0.028% significantly improved rooting efficiency and enhanced essential biochemical traits, including chlorophyll, sugar, and vitamin C content in grapevine microcuttings. These improvements suggest that melanin can serve as a sustainable, natural alternative to synthetic growth regulators in micropropagation systems. Furthermore, the enrichment of bioactive compounds in grapevine leaves indicates a possible link between melanin application and the nutritional quality of grape-derived foods, offering promising implications for both sustainable agriculture and human health. Keywords: melanin, in vitro, virus-free, grapevine, rooting, biochemical composition
Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley): A review of its cardiac glycosides, medicinal applications, and safety profile
Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley) is a perennial flowering plant historically used in traditional medicine, especially for cardiovascular conditions such as heart weakness, tachycardia, and arrhythmias. Its therapeutic effects were primarily attributed to its high content of cardiac glycosides, particularly convallatoxin, which enhance cardiac contractility. However, the plant’s narrow therapeutic index presents significant toxicity risks. All parts—especially the berries and roots—are poisonous, and ingestion can result in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Despite its toxicity, modern research highlights the pharmacological potential of C. majalis. Convallatoxin has demonstrated anticancer effects, including inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and suppression of angiogenesis in various cancers such as breast and colorectal, often independently of p53 status. Additionally, certain glycosides and flavonoids from the plant show neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties, likely through modulation of GABAergic activity. C. majalis also exhibits notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic properties, suggesting possible roles in managing chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and fluid retention. However, the plant’s cytotoxic constituents, including specific saponins and steroidal glycosides, raise safety concerns that limit its clinical use. While topical or dermatological applications are occasionally proposed, the high toxicity of C. majalis warrants extreme caution. This review underscores the dual nature of C. majalis—a plant of considerable medicinal promise but also significant toxicological risk—highlighting the importance of further research to safely harness its bioactive compounds. Novelty of the Study: This review uniquely integrates traditional medicinal uses of Convallaria majalis with recent pharmacological and molecular research, highlighting its cardiotonic glycosides not only in cardiovascular applications but also in emerging areas such as oncology and neuroprotection. It also discusses advancements in molecular identification techniques to prevent toxic misidentification, providing a comprehensive and modernized framework for the safe and therapeutic use of C. majalis. Keywords: Convallaria majalis, cardiac glycosides, convallatoxins, neuroprotection, anticancer activity, traditional medicine, functional phytochemicals
Functionalization of bacterial cellulose with antibiotics for use as awound dressing
Background: Presently, bacterial cellulose (BC) represents a promising biomaterial for biomedical applications, due to its exceptional properties. The capacity of BC to absorb and retain water, facilitating gas exchange, as well as its ability to serve as a scaffold for antimicrobial agents, makes it an optimal material for wound dressing that promotes healing and prevents infection. Objective: The objective of the research was to obtain and study BC composites containing antibiotics with controlled release and significant antibacterial activity for potential use as wound dressings. Methods: BC films were obtained by static co-fermentation of Komagataeibacter xylinus MS2530 strains with Pichia fermentans MDC 10169 on brewing waste (brewer’s spent yeast (BSY)). The preparation of BC/antibiotic composites was achieved by immersing dry films in ceftriaxone and tetracycline solutions for 24 h in a sterile environment. The composites' morphology was analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to evaluate their chemical structure and compatibility with ceftriaxone and tetracycline. The loading efficiency and release profile of ceftriaxone and tetracycline antibiotics were evaluated using a spectrophotometric method. The antimicrobial activity of BC composites was determined using test cultures Еscherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results: The process of co-fermentation using the BSY medium made it possible to produce BC films at a low cost. Based on BC films, BC/antibiotic composites with controlled release and significant antibacterial activity were obtained, which is a novelty of this study. Conclusion: The co-fermentation of K. xylinus MS2530 and P. fermentans MDC 10169 on BSY medium simultaneously increase the BC yield and reduce fermentation time, leading to a substantial reduction in production costs. BC composites obtained by modifying BC films with antibiotics, exhibit significant antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Therefore, the BC composites obtained have a possible potential for application as dressings for wound surface treatment. Keywords: BC composite, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, controlled release, alternative wound dressing
Pseudomonas fluorescens: Prospective green antimicrobial for crops cultivation
Background: Throughout the 20th century, pesticides were ubiquitous in agriculture and food production as a method of controlling pest populations and maintaining high yields of crops. However, after decades of uncontrolled pesticide use, their hazardous properties were discovered by scientists. Thus, in the 21st century, the urgency of discovering a form of ecologically safe functional food production has become evident, as it is closely linked to the development of green agriculture. As a result, recent innovations in biological protection of crops have become highly relevant. In this regard, bioactive compounds produced by non-pathogenic Pseudomonas fluorescens, found in soil, may become a prospective bio-control agent of complex influence with potential in the targeted functionalization of crops. Objectives: Current research is devoted to investigation of the effect of P. fluorescens against the Pectobacterium carotovorum phytopathogen, which significantly reduces the yields of crops. Non-cellular extracts obtained from certain bacteria have been successfully tested against multi-drug-resistant strains of P. carotovorum. Results: Bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities of lipoprotein and lipopeptide complexes within non-cellular extracts of P. fluorescens were detected. The majority of the studied strains were antibiotic-resistant and produced extracellular proteases, lipases, and polyphenol oxidases (PPOs). Proteases and PPOs are encoded by the bacterial chromosome, while lipases can be plasmid-encoded. They are associated with the resistance and biodegradation in both bacteria but are not transmissible. Conclusions: Within P. fluorescens samples, 20 strains exhibit antimicrobial activity and contain a wide variety of extracellular enzymes. According to the literature data, the presence of P. fluorescens in environment can enhance the antioxidant status of fruits, stimulate plant growth, boost their immunity and enhance stress tolerance. Based on all of this, P. fluorescens may be considered as a prospective complex biocontrol agent with potential in the functionalization of fruits and vegetables. Further research is recommended to investigate its potential as a green alternative for pesticide-free crop cultivation and soil remediation. Keywords: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pectobacterium carotovorum, phytopathogen, crops biological protection, pesticide-free cultivation, food functionalization
Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: A case-control study
Abstract Background Vitamin D (VD) plays essential roles in neurological health and may influence nerve function through both neuroprotective mechanisms and anti-inflammatory. Objective To investigate the association between VD deficiency and idiopathic CTS, evaluate the independent relationship of low serum levels of VD with CTS risk and symptom severity. Methods A case-control investigation was taken place with 80 participants, comprising 40 clinically suspected CTS patients with normal electrodiagnostic findings and 40 healthy controls, recruited from Al Zahraa University Hospital between November 2023 and July 2024. The levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were compared between groups. Correlations were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient for VD levels relative to clinical parameters, including disease duration and median nerve cross-sectional area (CSA). Results Patients with CTS had significantly reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (12.57 ± 3.21 ng/mL) compared to controls (24.02 ± 3.07 ng/mL), (p< 0.001), indicating a high prevalence of deficiency among CTS patients. Disease duration was inversely correlated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (r = -0.512, p < 0.001), suggesting that lower VD levels corresponded with longer symptom duration. No significant relationships were detected between VD levels and wrist median nerve CSA (r = -0.030, p = 0.855) or in the forearm (r = 0.118, p = 0.470), indicating that VD deficiency may not be directly related to structural nerve changes in CTS patients. Conclusion VD deficiency is significantly correlated with idiopathic CTS, particularly with disease duration. These data suggest the role of VD as a modifiable risk factor, suggesting the need for further research into VD supplementation as a therapeutic intervention for CTS management. Keywords Carpal tunnel syndrome, vitamin D deficiency, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, neuropathy, neuroprotective properties.
Amino acid and hematological alterations in beef from BLV-infected cattle: Implications for functional food safety
Background: Beef is a vital source of protein, rich in B vitamins (B12, B6, B3, and B2) and minerals such as iron, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus. However, bovine viral leukemia (BLV) in cattle poses a biological and public health concern, as it compromises meat quality and safety. Meat from BLV-infected cattle, especially during the hematological stage, exhibits significant nutritional degradation and poses potential health risks. Objectives: This study assessed the nutritional quality of beef from healthy, BLV-infected (asymptomatic), and clinically sick cattle, focusing on caloric content, protein, fat, ash, and moisture. It aimed to evaluate how viral infection affects the functional and bioactive value of meat. Methods: Laboratory tests were conducted at the National Agrarian University of Armenia. BLV diagnosis was based on clinical, serological, and hematological data. Blood analyses were performed using a Micro CC 20 Plus analyzer. Results: Meat from BLV-infected cattle exhibited increased moisture content (up to 2.72%) and reduced protein and fat levels, resulting in a lower caloric value. Cold cuts from infected animals contained tryptophan and lysine degradation products, including heat-stable, potentially carcinogenic compounds, making the meat unsuitable for human consumption. Novelty: This study uniquely compares the chemical composition of beef from healthy and BLV-infected cattle, detailing specific nutritional losses and identifying persistent toxic metabolites that raise concerns about food safety. It was found that the meat obtained from cattle infected with leukemia does not meet the requirements of functional food in terms of its chemical and biochemical composition and nutritional value, and therefore cannot be considered a complete food in the human diet. Conclusion: BLV remains a challenge for livestock. Meat from infected animals exhibits diminished nutritional and biological quality, posing safety risks due to heat-resistant, carcinogenic byproducts. Keywords: Amino acids, BLV-infected cattle, leukemia, cattle, beef, nutritional value of meat, bioactive compounds, functional foods, food safety
Effects of microfertilizer application methods on potato productivity and nutritional quality in the Gegharkunik Region
Background: Optimizing mineral nutrition, particularly micronutrients, is essential for sustainable potato production and improving tuber nutritional quality. Micronutrients support key physiological processes, enhance stress resistance, and contribute to the accumulation of bioactive compounds. Identifying effective application methods alongside organic fertilization is critical for increasing yield, ensuring food safety, and promoting environmental sustainability—especially in ecologically sensitive regions like Armenia’s Lake Sevan Basin. Objective: This study aimed to improve potato yield and nutritional quality through the integrated application of Organomix organic fertilizer and targeted micronutrient supplementation. The research aligns with Armenia’s national strategies and global initiatives to promote sustainable, climate-resilient agriculture and improved public health. Materials and Methods: Field trials (2022–2024) were conducted in Vardenik, Gegharkunik region, using the Marfona potato variety. Five micronutrients—borax, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, and ammonium molybdate—were applied in combination with Organomix (8 t/ha) using two methods: pre-sowing tuber soaking and foliar spraying at flowering. Soil and tuber parameters such as dry matter, vitamin C, and nitrate content were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Least Significant Difference (LSD) test (p ≤ 0.05). Results: Micronutrient treatments significantly improved tuber yield and overall quality compared to Organomix alone, with ammonium molybdate, zinc sulfate, and copper sulfate showing the most notable effects. Increases in key nutritional parameters were positively correlated with yield gains. Although nitrate levels rose slightly, they remained within safe and acceptable limits. Conclusion: Supplementing Organomix with targeted micronutrients—especially through pre-sowing tuber soaking—effectively enhances potato yield and nutritional quality in the Lake Sevan Basin. This integrated fertilization strategy supports sustainable soil management, reduces dependency on synthetic fertilizers, and advances environmentally responsible agriculture. By improving the nutritional profile of potatoes, it also contributes to consumer health, food security, and regional economic sustainability. Keywords: Organomix, potatoes, microfertilizers, yield quantity, nutritional value, bioactive compounds, sustainable agriculture
Cytotoxic effects of tea (Camellia sinensis), stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves, and their potential as functional beverages for cancer patients
The global incidence of cancer has been rising annually, affecting various types and increasing the number of patients. Research on cancer, including its pathology, treatment, and management of side effects, continues to evolve, yet no truly satisfactory outcomes have been achieved. Pharmacological cancer therapy should be complemented with non-pharmacological approaches to improve the quality of life of cancer patients. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) still troubles patients after all these years, making functional beverages a potential target to overcome this problem. Several natural ingredients, including tea, moringa, and stevia leaves, have been empirically used as functional beverages due to their antioxidant level. Therefore, it's necessary to determine whether these plants exhibit cytotoxic effects on cancer cells and their interaction with anticancer drugs. This review aimed to compile previous research on the potential of tea, moringa, and stevia leaves as functional beverages for cancer patients. Their cytotoxic effect has been demonstrated in several in vitro studies, with no reported metabolic herbal-drug interactions. Novelty: This review highlights the underexplored potential of tea, stevia, and moringa as functional beverage components with cytotoxic properties relevant to cancer patient care. Keywords: cancer, functional food, tea, stevia, moringa
Evaluation of the effect of metformin on gingivitis caused by experimental Alzheimer's disease in male rats
Background: Periodontitis is associated with several comorbidities, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metformin (MET) has been shown to affect AD positively. Objectives: In the present study, the effectiveness of MET in gingivitis caused by experimental AD was investigated in male rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five experimental groups (n=8 per group) as follows: control, intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of 10 μL of citrate buffer (solvent); streptozotocin (STZ), ICV injection of (3 mg/kg) STZ; and three groups of STZ + MET, ICV injection of STZ and different dosages of MET (50, 100, 200 mg/kg i. p.). 24 hours after the last injection, the Morris water maze test was administered to each animal. The mice were then sacrificed under deep anesthesia, and sampling of the papilla around the two central incisor teeth was performed. The number of inflammatory cells, angiogenesis, fibroblasts, and collagen deposition were evaluated. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: The results showed that the STZ injection significantly impaired learning and spatial memory. Moreover, STZ significantly increased periodontal inflammatory cells, angiogenesis, fibroblasts, and collagen deposition in the gingiva of rats compared with the control group. Additionally, MET improved learning and spatial memory and reduced histopathologic parameters in the gingiva of experimental Alzheimer's model rats. Novelty of Study: This study fills a significant gap in evaluating the effect of MET on gingival inflammation linked to Alzheimer’s disease (GAD) using a STZ-induced rat model. While previous research has explored metformin’s neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory roles separately, this study uniquely combines behavioral assessments and histological analysis to show that metformin improves cognitive performance and reduces gingival inflammation. This study is the first to demonstrate that MET reduces gingival inflammation associated with experimental AD while simultaneously improving cognitive function, suggesting a dual therapeutic role. Conclusions: Based on these findings, AD may cause or aggravate gingivitis. Moreover, MET has the potential to alleviate AD symptoms and experimental gingivitis caused by AD in rats. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, metformin, inflammatory cells, periodontal diseases, rats, gingival inflammation, dual-action effect, novel therapy
Regulation of nutrient content in peach fruits under different soil moisture regimes
Background: Peaches (Prunus persica) are known help improve metabolic health, as they contain bioactive compounds such as vitamins, flavonoids, and minerals. However, their biochemical composition changes significantly depending on environmental conditions, particularly soil moisture. These conditions can influence fruit development, nutrient accumulation, and overall quality. Objective: This study aimed to measure the impact of different pre-irrigation soil moisture levels (90%, 80%, 70%, and 60% of field capacity) on the growth of the "Narnji" peach variety. Fields such as yield, vegetative growth, and the biochemical composition of grown fruits were used to assess the optimal irrigation for maximizing nutritional value and functional food properties. Methods: From 2017 to 2019, experiments were conducted in the pre-mountainous zone of the Ararat Valley, Armenia, using 5–7-year-old "Narnji" peach trees. Trees were irrigated under four pre-irrigation soil moisture levels along with a control group based on standard farm practices. The gravimetric method monitored soil moisture on four horizons (0–80 cm). Morphological and biochemical measurements were performed using standard methodologies. Results: Soil moisture levels significantly influenced growth, fruit set, yield, and biochemical composition. The 80% field capacity (FC) regime produced the highest yield (16.04 tons/ha) and an effective fruit set rate of 11.8%, with a seasonal irrigation volume of 6630–7370 m³/ha. Total sugars (11.3–13.1%) peaked at 70% and 80% FC, organic acids (0.45–0.53%) were highest at 90% FC, and dry matter was greatest at 60% FC. The 80% FC regime best balanced productivity and bioactive compound accumulation. Novelty: The innovation of this study lies in its integrated assessment of irrigation levels on fruit yield, water use efficiency, and the concentration of key functional food. Unlike previous works that examined irrigation from a yield or growth perspective alone, this study combines plant physiology, soil-water dynamics, and functional food science to reveal how ecological management can optimize the health-promoting potential of fruits. The identification of 80% field capacity as the optimal irrigation level offers a scientifically grounded standard for maximizing both agricultural output and nutritional quality. Conclusion: Maintaining pre-irrigation soil moisture at 80% of field capacity is optimal for peach cultivation under Armenian conditions. It improves yield and nutritional quality, reinforcing the value of peaches as a functional food and supporting sustainable horticultural practices. Keywords: peach, fruit, variety, mid-season, Narnji, soil, pre-irrigation moisture, biochemical and bioactive compounds.
Functional Food Science and Bioactive Compounds
Bioactive compounds (BCs) are key components in the development of functional foods (FFs) that offer health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, fiber, and probiotics contribute to metabolic regulation, immune support, and a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. This review examines the classification, mechanisms of action, and safety considerations of BCs, drawing on recent research and the framework of the Functional Food Center (FFC). It also highlights the impact of environmental factors on BC composition and explores technologies, such as encapsulation, to improve bioavailability. Functional food science (FFS) emerges as an interdisciplinary field linking food technology, biomedical research, and nutrition policy. The review highlights the importance of standardized terminology, regulatory clarity, and scientifically validated interventions in advancing FF development and combating non-communicable diseases globally. Novelty: This review offers a structured and integrative framework on FF that unites scientific, technological, and regulatory perspectives on BC. It highlights the value of FFS as a discipline that proposes updated, evidence-based definitions for FF and BC. The focus on dosage, delivery mechanisms, and long-term efficacy provides a framework for future FF evaluations designed for targeted health outcomes. Keywords: bioactive compounds, pharmaceutical bioactive compounds, functional food science, functional foods, Functional Food Center
Impact of fixation method on catechin profile and antioxidant activity of Georgian green tea
Background: Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a widely consumed beverage across the globe. It is known for its health benefits, many of which can be attributed to high content of certain bioactive compounds, such as catechins. One example of a catechin is epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which has been found to hold antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In Georgia, green tea is predominantly produced using the roasting method, which may not optimally preserve these beneficial compounds. To optimize the functional properties of Georgian green tea, understanding the impact of different fixation methods on its phytochemical profile and bioactivity is crucial. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate and compare the total polyphenol (PF) content, individual catechin composition, and antioxidant activity of Georgian green tea using three distinct fixation methods: steaming, electromagnetic induction, and roasting. A secondary objective was to identify effective preservation methods by establishing a correlation between PF content and antioxidant capacity. Methods: Green tea samples from a local Georgian variety were prepared using steaming, electromagnetic induction, and roasting fixation methods. Total PF content and antioxidant activity were determined using diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay with standard methods. Individual catechins were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an Agilent 1260 Infinity system with a Supelco-C18 column (25cm × 4.6mm, 5μm) at 35°C, using an acetonitrile and 1% acetic acid gradient mobile phase (10-90% to 20-80% over 20 minutes) and UV detection at 278nm. Results: HPLC analysis revealed that EGCG content was comparable in green tea fixed by steaming and electromagnetic induction, but significantly higher than in the green tea fixed by roasting. The antioxidant activity of all tea extracts, as measured by the DPPH assay, showed a direct positive correlation with their total PF content. Among the methods, steaming and electromagnetic induction effectively preserved the antioxidant compounds in Georgian green tea, while roasting did not. Novelty: This research uniquely provides a comparative analysis of three distinct fixation methods, electromagnetic induction, steaming, and roasting, on their effects on the comprehensive phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of a specific Georgian green tea variety. It identifies electromagnetic induction and steaming as effective alternatives to roasting for preserving key bioactive catechins. Further, this study analyzed five different catechins, all sourced from Georgian green tea extracts, which has not been previously done. Overall, this study offers novel insights for optimizing processing to enhance the functional value of Georgian green tea products. Conclusion: Green tea produced using electromagnetic induction and steaming fixation methods yields more EGCG and overall catechins than the roasting method. The strong correlation between total PFs and antioxidant activity underscores the importance of fixation in preserving these beneficial compounds. These findings provide valuable insights for the food industry, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, suggesting optimized processing methods to enhance the functional benefits of Georgian green tea. Keywords: green tea, Georgian tea, polyphenols, catechins, antioxidant activity, fixation methods, electromagnetic induction, HPLC