Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease - Online ISSN: 2574-0334; Print ISSN: 2769-2426
The Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease (BCHD) journal is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated to cultivating a deeper understanding of how bioactive compounds impact health and disease across diverse fields of science. It is indexed in the following databases: Scopus, Index Copernicus, Crossruff, and Google Scholar. In particular, Scopus has highlighted the BCHD journal in its listings since October 2021 and, with a current CiteScore of 3.8 (Calculated on May 5th, 2025). The primary objective of this journal is to develop research in an effort to better understand bioactive compounds and their role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Through the investigation of bioactive compounds from the standpoint of functional foods, we have defined these compounds as: “Food bioactive compounds are primary and secondary metabolites of nutritive and non-nutritive natural components that generate bioactive impacts on the body thereby contributing to overall human health.” The BCHD journal addresses the definition of food bioactive compounds (FBCs), where they are located, and how they affect particular molecular pathways. Readers can expect to find current research on the implications of FBCs on human health as well as their potential in relieving symptoms of chronic diseases. The evaluation of the interplay between FBCs at subcellular, cellular, tissue, and whole-body levels may reveal changes in biological activity that directly impact biomarkers. Furthermore, the publication contains a broad range of research pertaining to the sources and identification of food bioactive compounds (i.e. prebiotic and probiotic compounds, sterols, minerals, vitamins, anthocyanins, dietary fiber, flavonoids, flavonols, isoflavones, lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, phytochemicals, and more). It investigates how the consumption of certain functional foods contribute to human health such as the anticancer effects of garlic (plant food) or the impact of fermented milk products (animal product) on gut microbiota. The journal serves as an excellent resource for students, professors, public health professionals, medical doctors, dieticians, nutritionists, and the general public. It presents valuable insights on modern advancements that promote optimal health, risk reduction of chronic or viral diseases, and symptom management through bioactive compounds. Scopus Metrics: [Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease - Scopus Page] You can submit your manuscripts here or directly to the Editorial Office at editor@ffhdj.com as an e-mail attachment. Please also submit a Cover Letter. You can find a BCHD Cover Letter here.
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Blueberries and raspberries as endocrine modulators: Mechanisms, clinical evidence, and translational guidance
Endocrine pathways are increasingly recognized as important targets for preventive and adjunctive care. Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) and raspberries (Rubus spp.) are particularly rich in anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and related flavonoids with hormone-modulating properties. Recent evidence from mechanistic and clinical studies, particularly in 2023–2024, suggests that berry-derived bioactives impact estrogen receptors, insulin signaling, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Yet issues of bioavailability, microbiome conversion, and dosing remain insufficiently integrated. Key findings highlight selective estrogen receptor modulator–like activity that improves estrogen metabolism and menopausal health; enhanced insulin sensitivity via AMPK activation, insulin receptor signaling, and α-amylase/α-glucosidase inhibition; and HPA axis modulation with reduced cortisol exposure and improved circadian rhythms. Clinical trials in peri- and postmenopausal women report better sleep, mood, and hot-flash outcomes, while pilot studies in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) suggest improved insulin sensitivity and lower androgen levels. Preliminary data also indicate antioxidative and immune-modulatory effects on thyroid function. Whole berries (≈150–200 g/day) or standardized freeze-dried equivalents consistently deliver endocrine-relevant benefits with excellent tolerability. Although plasma levels of parent anthocyanins are low, microbiome-derived metabolites such as urolithins and inter-individual variability in metabolism likely shape clinical responses. Blueberries and raspberries act as multi-target endocrine modulators through receptor, enzyme, neuroendocrine, and microbiome-mediated mechanisms. Their routine dietary inclusion represents a practical, safe strategy to support hormonal balance across life stages. Large-scale trials remain essential to define effective dosing, compare whole fruits versus extracts, and explore personalized nutrition approaches. Novelty: This study is among the first to integrate mechanistic, clinical, and translational evidence on blueberries and raspberries as endocrine modulators. Unlike prior research focusing on single pathways, we highlight their combined effects on estrogen receptors, insulin signaling, and the HPA axis, while also considering microbiome-derived metabolites such as urolithins. By synthesizing recent 2023–2024 findings, this work reframes these berries as clinically relevant functional foods with the potential to support menopausal health, PCOS, and broader hormonal balance. Keywords: flavonoids; anthocyanins; ellagitannins; endocrine function; blueberries; raspberries; phytochemicals; insulin sensitivity; stress hormones
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Native cacao from southern Mexico: polyphenol profiling and its impact on inflammation and lipid metabolism modulation
Background: Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is well known for its polyphenolic profile, which confers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This investigation provides remarkable evidence on the functional potential of the native Criollo cacao variety Rojo Samuel (RS), a poorly characterized cultivar from southern Mexico, particularly regarding its effects on macrophage-mediated inflammation and lipid metabolism. Methods: Phenolic compounds were extracted, quantified, and characterized from cacao beans. TNFα expression and nitric oxide production (NO) were measured in RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with cacao phenolic extracts. The lipid accumulation in adipocytes (3T3-L1) was evaluated using Oil Red O stain and triglyceride accumulation during the differentiation process. PPARγ and fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression were determined by Western blot in mature adipocytes treated with native cacao extracts. Results: In RAW 264.7 macrophages, treatment with cacao phenolic extracts significantly reduced NO production by 20-75%; however, TNF-α expression was not significantly affected by the treatment. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, treatment with 150 µg extract/mL during adipocyte differentiation significantly decreased lipid accumulation (20.6%), intracellular triglyceride content (41.3%), PPARγ expression (81.2%), and FAS expression (40.2%). These effects are likely attributable to the presence of a variety of phenolic compounds in the cacao extracts, including epicatechin, catechin, procyanidins, and others. Novelty of the Study: Unlike prior research that focused primarily on cacao for industrial applications, this study demonstrates that phenolic extracts from the Criollo cacao variety Rojo Samuel (RS) exhibit antioxidant properties, modulate macrophage-mediated inflammation, and influence lipid metabolism in adipocytes. These findings highlight the potential of this native variety as a valuable source of functional food substances. Conclusion: Phenolic compounds from RS cacao showed biological activity relevant to inflammation and lipid metabolism regulation, in addition to their antioxidant effects. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of this native underexplored cacao variety as a promising source of functional food substances. Keywords: Criollo cacao, polyphenols, inflammation, lipid metabolism.
Effects of extraction, purification, and drying on the antioxidant capacity of wheat bran extracts
Background: Antioxidants (AO) present in wheat bran (WB) contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer and type 2 diabetes. The choice of extraction technology is critical for obtaining biologically active compounds from plant material. Depending on the processing conditions, extracts obtained from the same raw material may vary in compositions, which directly affect their antioxidant potential (AOP). Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different extraction, purification, and freeze-drying methods on the antioxidant potential (total antioxidant capacity – TAC, total phenolic compounds – TPC, total flavonoid compounds – TFC), as well as on protein and reducing sugar contents of wheat bran extracts, in order to identify the most effective approach for producing antioxidant-rich dry extracts. Methods: Wheat bran extracts were prepared via maceration (MM, aqueous and ethanol), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE, aqueous and ethanol), and enzymatic aqueous extraction (EAE). TAC was evaluated using FRAP, ORAC and DPPH assays; , TPC by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and TFC by the aluminum chloride method. Extracts were purified by either nylon-membrane filtration or ethanol (96%) precipitation and then freeze-dried with or without maltodextrin (MD). Reducing sugars and proteins were quantified using the sulfuric acid method and Lowry/Bradford assays, respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted with STATISTICA 10.0. Results: Enzymatic aqueous extraction (EAE) produced the highest TACFRAP (1,64 ± 0,03 μmol-eq. Q/ g of bran, p < 0.05) and the highest TPC (1.39 ± 0.12 μmol-eq. G/g of bran). The ethanolic UAE exhibited the highest TACORAC and TACDPPH (8,12 ± 0,27 and 0,89 ± 0,001 μmol-eq. Q/g of bran, respectively, p < 0.05) but had lower TPC and TFC compared to other extracts. Ethanol precipitation reduced protein content by 84-92% and sugars by 40% (p < 0.05), while increasing TACFRAP and TACORAC by over 60% (p < 0.05). Freeze-drying preserved high TAC values in both control and filtered extracts, regardless of maltodextrin (MD) addition Conclusion: The choice of extraction method strongly affects the recovery of antioxidants from wheat bran. Enzymatic extraction combined with ethanol precipitation and freeze-drying produces extracts with enhanced antioxidant potential, reduced impurities, and preserved bioactivity, representing an effective strategy for obtaining antioxidant-rich wheat bran extracts for functional food and nutraceutical applications. This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of this combined approach, offering a practical method for producing high-quality, antioxidant-rich wheat bran extracts. Keywords: plant antioxidants, phenolic compounds, ultrasonic extraction, enzymatic extraction, freeze-drying, ethanol precipitation, optimization, functional food, nutraceutical applications
Therapeutic utilization of tetrodotoxin for treating carcinomas: a comparative molecular docking and dosage adjustment study
Background: Cancer metastasis is facilitated by voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) through the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. VGSCs play a pivotal role in cancer invasion during its epithelial-mesenchymal transition; hence, decreasing treatability. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent, selective neurotoxin that blocks VGSCs, particularly Nav1.7, which is overexpressed in carcinomas, especially type II endometrial and ductal carcinomas. TTX is found mainly in puffer fish (Fugu) and other marine and terrestrial animals used in traditional Japanese cuisine. TTX carries the potential for therapeutic applications; however, it’s limited by a high toxicity and narrow therapeutic index (NTI), requiring precise dosage control for medicinal use [38]. Thus, TTX appropriate adjustment could give novel anti-metastatic agent, while maintaining a non-toxic concentration for human, what is very important. Limited insights exist on TTX's toxicology and therapeutic potential. Objective: This study employed a multifaceted approach to evaluate the therapeutic potential of TTX in inhibiting carcinoma metastasis while ensuring concentrations remain within non-toxic levels for humans. Due to the hazardous nature of TTX, Carbamazepine (CBZ), an anticonvulsant known to block Nav1.7, was selected as a reference compound. CBZ's established pharmacokinetic profile and lower toxicity allowed for safer experimental handling and provided a comparative baseline for TTX's efficacy. Since collecting volumetric data on CBZ, according to Mohr’s method, was unfeasible due to its fully molecular composition, Verapamil was introduced as a similar channel-blocking drug in chloride salt form. Methods: Verapamil chloride was used for precipitation titration to estimate CBZ’s effective (ED50), toxic (TD50), and lethal (LD50) doses. This was done by using the ED50 of Verapamil and transcribing it to CBZ, as they have very similar TI. Similar tactics were carried out for the determination of the ED50 of TTX in concentration form, yielding its therapeutic dose. TI of TTX was calculated. Molecular Docking analysis of both CBZ and TTX’s interaction with Nav1.7, independently 5 times using 20 starting conformations for each compound, with the virtual box size not exceeding 27,000 Å. Results: In silico analysis showed that TTX binds to Nav1.7 within a pocket, demonstrating lower affinity but greater efficacy due to site-specific interactions, while CBZ binds on a more exposed level with less efficacy. Volumetric dosage-adjustment analysis indicated that, while TTX has NTI ≈ 1.6, careful administration could allow localized carcinoma treatment at 1.737×10⁻⁸ mol cm⁻³/kg. The findings support the hypothesis that TTX, in controlled dosage-adjustment and targeted delivery, could inhibit carcinoma metastasis. Conclusion: TTX has the potential to inhibit the invasion of carcinoma cells, especially those of ductal and type II endometrial carcinomas, by selectively blocking Nav1.7. Careful dosage control and targeted drug delivery systems (which would vary with the stage of the cancer’s development) are necessary to minimize systemic toxicity. Further research is required to practically develop safe administration methods to enhance TTX’s therapeutic viability, with in vivo methodologies. Keywords: Cancer, tetrodotoxin (TTX), voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), carbamazepine (CBZ), novel anti-metastatic agent, verapamil, bioactive, functional food.
Genetic and biochemical characterization of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus MDC 2012 and its potential in processing of raw pork meat
Background: Pork is an excellent source of essential amino acids, particularly ones containing sulfur, due to its abundance of proteins with high biological value. During meat maturation, amino acids and peptides undergo transformations that directly influence flavor. The meat-fermenting strain Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus MDC 2012 (previously Lactobacillus rhamnosus MDC 2012) offers potential to enhance proteolysis and improve nutritional and sensory qualities. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of L. rhamnosus MDC 2012 on pork amino acid composition during salting and maturation, and to interpret the observed changes using genomic data of the strain. Methods: Amino acid composition of pork was determined using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry on a Bruker Scion SQ 450 GC-MS device (USA), following the manufacturer’s protocol. Whole-genome sequencing was performed with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (UK) on a Flongle R10.4.1 flow cell. High-molecular-weight DNA was isolated using the phenol-chloroform extraction method. Genome analysis focused on proteolytic enzymes relevant to protein degradation. Results: Application of L. rhamnosus MDC 2012 reduced the pork maturation period from 8 to 5 days. Essential amino acids increased significantly, including L-glutamic acid (2.93 → 4.00 %), L-lysine (0.48 → 1.23 %), L-serine (0.83 → 1.57 %), and L-leucine (1.30 → 1.43 %). The marked rise in L-glutamic acid is especially important for the development of brothy flavors. Enhanced L-lysine and L-leucine content improved the biological value of pork. Genomic sequencing revealed more than 21 proteases in L. rhamnosus MDC 2012, which likely contributed to the observed proteolysis and quality enhancement. Conclusion: Use of L. rhamnosus MDC 2012 during pork maturation shortened the processing time while enriching essential amino acids. The strain’s proteolytic enzymes support the generation of peptides and flavor compounds, improving both nutritional quality and sensory attributes. These findings highlight the potential of L. rhamnosus MDC 2012 as a functional starter culture with practical applications in meat production. Keywords: fermented pork meat, salting, amino acid, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, whole-genome sequencing.
Impact of plant-derived melanin on in vitro rooting efficiency and biochemical characteristics of grapevines
Background: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a globally important crop, and effective in vitro propagation is essential for producing healthy, uniform plants. However, optimizing rooting and growth remains a challenge. Plant-derived melanin, known for its antioxidant and auxin-like properties, has shown potential in promoting plant development. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of plant-derived melanin on in vitro rooting efficiency and key biochemical characteristics—such as chlorophyll content, total soluble sugars, and vitamin C levels—in two grapevine cultivars ('Deghin Yerevani' and 'Parvana'). The study also explored the potential of melanin to enhance the nutritional profile of grapevine leaves, which may contribute to the health-promoting properties of grape-derived products. Materials and Methods: Virus-free grapevine microcuttings were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with melanin at concentrations of 0.007%, 0.014%, 0.028%, 0.042%, and 0.056%. The control group received no melanin. After 30 days, rooting parameters (root number and root length) were assessed. The regenerated plants were then transferred to an aeroponic system for further growth. Biochemical analyses included measurements of chlorophyll, total soluble sugars, and vitamin C content in the leaves. All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical comparisons were made using Student’s t-test (P < 0.05), and a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) without replication was performed to assess the effects of cultivar and melanin concentration on rooting efficiency. Results: Melanin enhanced rooting and improved the biochemical profile of grapevine microcuttings in a dose-dependent manner. The 0.028% melanin concentration yielded the highest rooting success and significantly increased chlorophyll, sugar, and vitamin C levels. Higher concentrations (0.042% and 0.056%) did not result in statistically significant improvements (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Plant-derived melanin at an optimal concentration of 0.028% significantly improved rooting efficiency and enhanced essential biochemical traits, including chlorophyll, sugar, and vitamin C content in grapevine microcuttings. These improvements suggest that melanin can serve as a sustainable, natural alternative to synthetic growth regulators in micropropagation systems. Furthermore, the enrichment of bioactive compounds in grapevine leaves indicates a possible link between melanin application and the nutritional quality of grape-derived foods, offering promising implications for both sustainable agriculture and human health. Keywords: melanin, in vitro, virus-free, grapevine, rooting, biochemical composition
Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley): A review of its cardiac glycosides, medicinal applications, and safety profile
Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley) is a perennial flowering plant historically used in traditional medicine, especially for cardiovascular conditions such as heart weakness, tachycardia, and arrhythmias. Its therapeutic effects were primarily attributed to its high content of cardiac glycosides, particularly convallatoxin, which enhance cardiac contractility. However, the plant’s narrow therapeutic index presents significant toxicity risks. All parts—especially the berries and roots—are poisonous, and ingestion can result in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Despite its toxicity, modern research highlights the pharmacological potential of C. majalis. Convallatoxin has demonstrated anticancer effects, including inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and suppression of angiogenesis in various cancers such as breast and colorectal, often independently of p53 status. Additionally, certain glycosides and flavonoids from the plant show neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties, likely through modulation of GABAergic activity. C. majalis also exhibits notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic properties, suggesting possible roles in managing chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and fluid retention. However, the plant’s cytotoxic constituents, including specific saponins and steroidal glycosides, raise safety concerns that limit its clinical use. While topical or dermatological applications are occasionally proposed, the high toxicity of C. majalis warrants extreme caution. This review underscores the dual nature of C. majalis—a plant of considerable medicinal promise but also significant toxicological risk—highlighting the importance of further research to safely harness its bioactive compounds. Novelty of the Study: This review uniquely integrates traditional medicinal uses of Convallaria majalis with recent pharmacological and molecular research, highlighting its cardiotonic glycosides not only in cardiovascular applications but also in emerging areas such as oncology and neuroprotection. It also discusses advancements in molecular identification techniques to prevent toxic misidentification, providing a comprehensive and modernized framework for the safe and therapeutic use of C. majalis. Keywords: Convallaria majalis, cardiac glycosides, convallatoxins, neuroprotection, anticancer activity, traditional medicine, functional phytochemicals
Functionalization of bacterial cellulose with antibiotics for use as awound dressing
Background: Presently, bacterial cellulose (BC) represents a promising biomaterial for biomedical applications, due to its exceptional properties. The capacity of BC to absorb and retain water, facilitating gas exchange, as well as its ability to serve as a scaffold for antimicrobial agents, makes it an optimal material for wound dressing that promotes healing and prevents infection. Objective: The objective of the research was to obtain and study BC composites containing antibiotics with controlled release and significant antibacterial activity for potential use as wound dressings. Methods: BC films were obtained by static co-fermentation of Komagataeibacter xylinus MS2530 strains with Pichia fermentans MDC 10169 on brewing waste (brewer’s spent yeast (BSY)). The preparation of BC/antibiotic composites was achieved by immersing dry films in ceftriaxone and tetracycline solutions for 24 h in a sterile environment. The composites' morphology was analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to evaluate their chemical structure and compatibility with ceftriaxone and tetracycline. The loading efficiency and release profile of ceftriaxone and tetracycline antibiotics were evaluated using a spectrophotometric method. The antimicrobial activity of BC composites was determined using test cultures Еscherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results: The process of co-fermentation using the BSY medium made it possible to produce BC films at a low cost. Based on BC films, BC/antibiotic composites with controlled release and significant antibacterial activity were obtained, which is a novelty of this study. Conclusion: The co-fermentation of K. xylinus MS2530 and P. fermentans MDC 10169 on BSY medium simultaneously increase the BC yield and reduce fermentation time, leading to a substantial reduction in production costs. BC composites obtained by modifying BC films with antibiotics, exhibit significant antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Therefore, the BC composites obtained have a possible potential for application as dressings for wound surface treatment. Keywords: BC composite, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, controlled release, alternative wound dressing
Pseudomonas fluorescens: Prospective green antimicrobial for crops cultivation
Background: Throughout the 20th century, pesticides were ubiquitous in agriculture and food production as a method of controlling pest populations and maintaining high yields of crops. However, after decades of uncontrolled pesticide use, their hazardous properties were discovered by scientists. Thus, in the 21st century, the urgency of discovering a form of ecologically safe functional food production has become evident, as it is closely linked to the development of green agriculture. As a result, recent innovations in biological protection of crops have become highly relevant. In this regard, bioactive compounds produced by non-pathogenic Pseudomonas fluorescens, found in soil, may become a prospective bio-control agent of complex influence with potential in the targeted functionalization of crops. Objectives: Current research is devoted to investigation of the effect of P. fluorescens against the Pectobacterium carotovorum phytopathogen, which significantly reduces the yields of crops. Non-cellular extracts obtained from certain bacteria have been successfully tested against multi-drug-resistant strains of P. carotovorum. Results: Bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities of lipoprotein and lipopeptide complexes within non-cellular extracts of P. fluorescens were detected. The majority of the studied strains were antibiotic-resistant and produced extracellular proteases, lipases, and polyphenol oxidases (PPOs). Proteases and PPOs are encoded by the bacterial chromosome, while lipases can be plasmid-encoded. They are associated with the resistance and biodegradation in both bacteria but are not transmissible. Conclusions: Within P. fluorescens samples, 20 strains exhibit antimicrobial activity and contain a wide variety of extracellular enzymes. According to the literature data, the presence of P. fluorescens in environment can enhance the antioxidant status of fruits, stimulate plant growth, boost their immunity and enhance stress tolerance. Based on all of this, P. fluorescens may be considered as a prospective complex biocontrol agent with potential in the functionalization of fruits and vegetables. Further research is recommended to investigate its potential as a green alternative for pesticide-free crop cultivation and soil remediation. Keywords: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pectobacterium carotovorum, phytopathogen, crops biological protection, pesticide-free cultivation, food functionalization
Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: A case-control study
Abstract Background Vitamin D (VD) plays essential roles in neurological health and may influence nerve function through both neuroprotective mechanisms and anti-inflammatory. Objective To investigate the association between VD deficiency and idiopathic CTS, evaluate the independent relationship of low serum levels of VD with CTS risk and symptom severity. Methods A case-control investigation was taken place with 80 participants, comprising 40 clinically suspected CTS patients with normal electrodiagnostic findings and 40 healthy controls, recruited from Al Zahraa University Hospital between November 2023 and July 2024. The levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were compared between groups. Correlations were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient for VD levels relative to clinical parameters, including disease duration and median nerve cross-sectional area (CSA). Results Patients with CTS had significantly reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (12.57 ± 3.21 ng/mL) compared to controls (24.02 ± 3.07 ng/mL), (p< 0.001), indicating a high prevalence of deficiency among CTS patients. Disease duration was inversely correlated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (r = -0.512, p < 0.001), suggesting that lower VD levels corresponded with longer symptom duration. No significant relationships were detected between VD levels and wrist median nerve CSA (r = -0.030, p = 0.855) or in the forearm (r = 0.118, p = 0.470), indicating that VD deficiency may not be directly related to structural nerve changes in CTS patients. Conclusion VD deficiency is significantly correlated with idiopathic CTS, particularly with disease duration. These data suggest the role of VD as a modifiable risk factor, suggesting the need for further research into VD supplementation as a therapeutic intervention for CTS management. Keywords Carpal tunnel syndrome, vitamin D deficiency, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, neuropathy, neuroprotective properties.
Amino acid and hematological alterations in beef from BLV-infected cattle: Implications for functional food safety
Background: Beef is a vital source of protein, rich in B vitamins (B12, B6, B3, and B2) and minerals such as iron, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus. However, bovine viral leukemia (BLV) in cattle poses a biological and public health concern, as it compromises meat quality and safety. Meat from BLV-infected cattle, especially during the hematological stage, exhibits significant nutritional degradation and poses potential health risks. Objectives: This study assessed the nutritional quality of beef from healthy, BLV-infected (asymptomatic), and clinically sick cattle, focusing on caloric content, protein, fat, ash, and moisture. It aimed to evaluate how viral infection affects the functional and bioactive value of meat. Methods: Laboratory tests were conducted at the National Agrarian University of Armenia. BLV diagnosis was based on clinical, serological, and hematological data. Blood analyses were performed using a Micro CC 20 Plus analyzer. Results: Meat from BLV-infected cattle exhibited increased moisture content (up to 2.72%) and reduced protein and fat levels, resulting in a lower caloric value. Cold cuts from infected animals contained tryptophan and lysine degradation products, including heat-stable, potentially carcinogenic compounds, making the meat unsuitable for human consumption. Novelty: This study uniquely compares the chemical composition of beef from healthy and BLV-infected cattle, detailing specific nutritional losses and identifying persistent toxic metabolites that raise concerns about food safety. It was found that the meat obtained from cattle infected with leukemia does not meet the requirements of functional food in terms of its chemical and biochemical composition and nutritional value, and therefore cannot be considered a complete food in the human diet. Conclusion: BLV remains a challenge for livestock. Meat from infected animals exhibits diminished nutritional and biological quality, posing safety risks due to heat-resistant, carcinogenic byproducts. Keywords: Amino acids, BLV-infected cattle, leukemia, cattle, beef, nutritional value of meat, bioactive compounds, functional foods, food safety
Effects of microfertilizer application methods on potato productivity and nutritional quality in the Gegharkunik Region
Background: Optimizing mineral nutrition, particularly micronutrients, is essential for sustainable potato production and improving tuber nutritional quality. Micronutrients support key physiological processes, enhance stress resistance, and contribute to the accumulation of bioactive compounds. Identifying effective application methods alongside organic fertilization is critical for increasing yield, ensuring food safety, and promoting environmental sustainability—especially in ecologically sensitive regions like Armenia’s Lake Sevan Basin. Objective: This study aimed to improve potato yield and nutritional quality through the integrated application of Organomix organic fertilizer and targeted micronutrient supplementation. The research aligns with Armenia’s national strategies and global initiatives to promote sustainable, climate-resilient agriculture and improved public health. Materials and Methods: Field trials (2022–2024) were conducted in Vardenik, Gegharkunik region, using the Marfona potato variety. Five micronutrients—borax, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, and ammonium molybdate—were applied in combination with Organomix (8 t/ha) using two methods: pre-sowing tuber soaking and foliar spraying at flowering. Soil and tuber parameters such as dry matter, vitamin C, and nitrate content were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Least Significant Difference (LSD) test (p ≤ 0.05). Results: Micronutrient treatments significantly improved tuber yield and overall quality compared to Organomix alone, with ammonium molybdate, zinc sulfate, and copper sulfate showing the most notable effects. Increases in key nutritional parameters were positively correlated with yield gains. Although nitrate levels rose slightly, they remained within safe and acceptable limits. Conclusion: Supplementing Organomix with targeted micronutrients—especially through pre-sowing tuber soaking—effectively enhances potato yield and nutritional quality in the Lake Sevan Basin. This integrated fertilization strategy supports sustainable soil management, reduces dependency on synthetic fertilizers, and advances environmentally responsible agriculture. By improving the nutritional profile of potatoes, it also contributes to consumer health, food security, and regional economic sustainability. Keywords: Organomix, potatoes, microfertilizers, yield quantity, nutritional value, bioactive compounds, sustainable agriculture
Cytotoxic effects of tea (Camellia sinensis), stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves, and their potential as functional beverages for cancer patients
The global incidence of cancer has been rising annually, affecting various types and increasing the number of patients. Research on cancer, including its pathology, treatment, and management of side effects, continues to evolve, yet no truly satisfactory outcomes have been achieved. Pharmacological cancer therapy should be complemented with non-pharmacological approaches to improve the quality of life of cancer patients. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) still troubles patients after all these years, making functional beverages a potential target to overcome this problem. Several natural ingredients, including tea, moringa, and stevia leaves, have been empirically used as functional beverages due to their antioxidant level. Therefore, it's necessary to determine whether these plants exhibit cytotoxic effects on cancer cells and their interaction with anticancer drugs. This review aimed to compile previous research on the potential of tea, moringa, and stevia leaves as functional beverages for cancer patients. Their cytotoxic effect has been demonstrated in several in vitro studies, with no reported metabolic herbal-drug interactions. Novelty: This review highlights the underexplored potential of tea, stevia, and moringa as functional beverage components with cytotoxic properties relevant to cancer patient care. Keywords: cancer, functional food, tea, stevia, moringa
Evaluation of the effect of metformin on gingivitis caused by experimental Alzheimer's disease in male rats
Background: Periodontitis is associated with several comorbidities, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metformin (MET) has been shown to affect AD positively. Objectives: In the present study, the effectiveness of MET in gingivitis caused by experimental AD was investigated in male rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five experimental groups (n=8 per group) as follows: control, intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of 10 μL of citrate buffer (solvent); streptozotocin (STZ), ICV injection of (3 mg/kg) STZ; and three groups of STZ + MET, ICV injection of STZ and different dosages of MET (50, 100, 200 mg/kg i. p.). 24 hours after the last injection, the Morris water maze test was administered to each animal. The mice were then sacrificed under deep anesthesia, and sampling of the papilla around the two central incisor teeth was performed. The number of inflammatory cells, angiogenesis, fibroblasts, and collagen deposition were evaluated. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: The results showed that the STZ injection significantly impaired learning and spatial memory. Moreover, STZ significantly increased periodontal inflammatory cells, angiogenesis, fibroblasts, and collagen deposition in the gingiva of rats compared with the control group. Additionally, MET improved learning and spatial memory and reduced histopathologic parameters in the gingiva of experimental Alzheimer's model rats. Novelty of Study: This study fills a significant gap in evaluating the effect of MET on gingival inflammation linked to Alzheimer’s disease (GAD) using a STZ-induced rat model. While previous research has explored metformin’s neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory roles separately, this study uniquely combines behavioral assessments and histological analysis to show that metformin improves cognitive performance and reduces gingival inflammation. This study is the first to demonstrate that MET reduces gingival inflammation associated with experimental AD while simultaneously improving cognitive function, suggesting a dual therapeutic role. Conclusions: Based on these findings, AD may cause or aggravate gingivitis. Moreover, MET has the potential to alleviate AD symptoms and experimental gingivitis caused by AD in rats. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, metformin, inflammatory cells, periodontal diseases, rats, gingival inflammation, dual-action effect, novel therapy
Regulation of nutrient content in peach fruits under different soil moisture regimes
Background: Peaches (Prunus persica) are known help improve metabolic health, as they contain bioactive compounds such as vitamins, flavonoids, and minerals. However, their biochemical composition changes significantly depending on environmental conditions, particularly soil moisture. These conditions can influence fruit development, nutrient accumulation, and overall quality. Objective: This study aimed to measure the impact of different pre-irrigation soil moisture levels (90%, 80%, 70%, and 60% of field capacity) on the growth of the "Narnji" peach variety. Fields such as yield, vegetative growth, and the biochemical composition of grown fruits were used to assess the optimal irrigation for maximizing nutritional value and functional food properties. Methods: From 2017 to 2019, experiments were conducted in the pre-mountainous zone of the Ararat Valley, Armenia, using 5–7-year-old "Narnji" peach trees. Trees were irrigated under four pre-irrigation soil moisture levels along with a control group based on standard farm practices. The gravimetric method monitored soil moisture on four horizons (0–80 cm). Morphological and biochemical measurements were performed using standard methodologies. Results: Soil moisture levels significantly influenced growth, fruit set, yield, and biochemical composition. The 80% field capacity (FC) regime produced the highest yield (16.04 tons/ha) and an effective fruit set rate of 11.8%, with a seasonal irrigation volume of 6630–7370 m³/ha. Total sugars (11.3–13.1%) peaked at 70% and 80% FC, organic acids (0.45–0.53%) were highest at 90% FC, and dry matter was greatest at 60% FC. The 80% FC regime best balanced productivity and bioactive compound accumulation. Novelty: The innovation of this study lies in its integrated assessment of irrigation levels on fruit yield, water use efficiency, and the concentration of key functional food. Unlike previous works that examined irrigation from a yield or growth perspective alone, this study combines plant physiology, soil-water dynamics, and functional food science to reveal how ecological management can optimize the health-promoting potential of fruits. The identification of 80% field capacity as the optimal irrigation level offers a scientifically grounded standard for maximizing both agricultural output and nutritional quality. Conclusion: Maintaining pre-irrigation soil moisture at 80% of field capacity is optimal for peach cultivation under Armenian conditions. It improves yield and nutritional quality, reinforcing the value of peaches as a functional food and supporting sustainable horticultural practices. Keywords: peach, fruit, variety, mid-season, Narnji, soil, pre-irrigation moisture, biochemical and bioactive compounds.
Functional Food Science and Bioactive Compounds
Bioactive compounds (BCs) are key components in the development of functional foods (FFs) that offer health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, fiber, and probiotics contribute to metabolic regulation, immune support, and a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. This review examines the classification, mechanisms of action, and safety considerations of BCs, drawing on recent research and the framework of the Functional Food Center (FFC). It also highlights the impact of environmental factors on BC composition and explores technologies, such as encapsulation, to improve bioavailability. Functional food science (FFS) emerges as an interdisciplinary field linking food technology, biomedical research, and nutrition policy. The review highlights the importance of standardized terminology, regulatory clarity, and scientifically validated interventions in advancing FF development and combating non-communicable diseases globally. Novelty: This review offers a structured and integrative framework on FF that unites scientific, technological, and regulatory perspectives on BC. It highlights the value of FFS as a discipline that proposes updated, evidence-based definitions for FF and BC. The focus on dosage, delivery mechanisms, and long-term efficacy provides a framework for future FF evaluations designed for targeted health outcomes. Keywords: bioactive compounds, pharmaceutical bioactive compounds, functional food science, functional foods, Functional Food Center
Impact of fixation method on catechin profile and antioxidant activity of Georgian green tea
Background: Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a widely consumed beverage across the globe. It is known for its health benefits, many of which can be attributed to high content of certain bioactive compounds, such as catechins. One example of a catechin is epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which has been found to hold antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In Georgia, green tea is predominantly produced using the roasting method, which may not optimally preserve these beneficial compounds. To optimize the functional properties of Georgian green tea, understanding the impact of different fixation methods on its phytochemical profile and bioactivity is crucial. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate and compare the total polyphenol (PF) content, individual catechin composition, and antioxidant activity of Georgian green tea using three distinct fixation methods: steaming, electromagnetic induction, and roasting. A secondary objective was to identify effective preservation methods by establishing a correlation between PF content and antioxidant capacity. Methods: Green tea samples from a local Georgian variety were prepared using steaming, electromagnetic induction, and roasting fixation methods. Total PF content and antioxidant activity were determined using diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay with standard methods. Individual catechins were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an Agilent 1260 Infinity system with a Supelco-C18 column (25cm × 4.6mm, 5μm) at 35°C, using an acetonitrile and 1% acetic acid gradient mobile phase (10-90% to 20-80% over 20 minutes) and UV detection at 278nm. Results: HPLC analysis revealed that EGCG content was comparable in green tea fixed by steaming and electromagnetic induction, but significantly higher than in the green tea fixed by roasting. The antioxidant activity of all tea extracts, as measured by the DPPH assay, showed a direct positive correlation with their total PF content. Among the methods, steaming and electromagnetic induction effectively preserved the antioxidant compounds in Georgian green tea, while roasting did not. Novelty: This research uniquely provides a comparative analysis of three distinct fixation methods, electromagnetic induction, steaming, and roasting, on their effects on the comprehensive phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of a specific Georgian green tea variety. It identifies electromagnetic induction and steaming as effective alternatives to roasting for preserving key bioactive catechins. Further, this study analyzed five different catechins, all sourced from Georgian green tea extracts, which has not been previously done. Overall, this study offers novel insights for optimizing processing to enhance the functional value of Georgian green tea products. Conclusion: Green tea produced using electromagnetic induction and steaming fixation methods yields more EGCG and overall catechins than the roasting method. The strong correlation between total PFs and antioxidant activity underscores the importance of fixation in preserving these beneficial compounds. These findings provide valuable insights for the food industry, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, suggesting optimized processing methods to enhance the functional benefits of Georgian green tea. Keywords: green tea, Georgian tea, polyphenols, catechins, antioxidant activity, fixation methods, electromagnetic induction, HPLC
Effects of N-Trans Caffeoyltyramine and N-Trans Feruloyltyramine supplementation in individuals with diarrhea predominant-irritable bowel syndrome: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Objective: This clinical trial investigated the effects of 3-week ingestion of a proprietary gut health supplement containing the bioactives N-trans caffeoyltyramine (NCT) and N-trans feruloyltyramine (NFT), on intestinal barrier function and on severity of GI symptoms in individuals with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). Methods: Participants included 29 males and females who met the ROME IV criteria for IBS-D, having lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels >0.21 ng/ml, and experiencing symptoms related to IBS-D. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design was used with a 3-week supplementation period with a dietary supplement providing 120mg of NCT and NFT. The primary outcome measure was Lactulose/Mannitol (L/M) ratio, a measure of intestinal permeability. Secondary endpoints included changes in other biomarkers of intestinal permeability (serum LPS, LBP, sCD14, Zonulin, LCN2) and subjective changes in stool frequency and consistency using the Bristol Stool Chart and bloating and abdominal pain using the IBS Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS). Results: The NCT/NFT supplementation group showed significant improvements in L/M ratio (p=0.048), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) levels (p=0.018), and the IBS-SSS abdominal distention scores (p=0.044) compared to the placebo group, demonstrating improvement in gut barrier integrity and GI comfort. No between-group differences were found for other endpoints. No adverse events were reported, and study compliance was high. Conclusions: NCT/NFT intake for 3 weeks led to a significant improvement in L/M ratio, LBP, and IBS-SSS abdominal distention scores, and a trend for a decrease in abdominal pain scores, thereby demonstrating marked improvement in both objective and subjective outcomes supporting gut barrier function. This proprietary gut health supplement shows promise for restoring a healthy gut barrier. Novelty of the Study: This study is among the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials to evaluate the effects of N-trans caffeoyltyramine (NCT) and N-trans feruloyltyramine (NFT) supplementation on gut barrier function in individuals with gut barrier compromise, as in the case of IBS-D. While prior research has focused on symptom management in cases of high gut permeability, this study uniquely integrates both objective (e.g., L/M ratio, LBP) and subjective (e.g., IBS-SSS scores) endpoints, providing a comprehensive assessment of gut integrity restoration through novel bioactive compounds. The findings introduce a new direction for bioactive supplementation targeting gut barrier dysfunction. Keywords: irritable bowel syndrome, dietary supplements, N-trans caffeoyltyramine, N-trans feruloyltyramine, gut barrier function, intestinal permeability
Influence of indigenous strains of Saccharomyces on the biochemical composition of wine from Voskehat (Kharji) autochthonous grape variety of the Vayots Dzor region, Armenia
Background: Armenia’s winemaking traditions go back centuries, as it is one of the oldest viticultural regions in the world. In winemaking, spontaneous fermentation using indigenous yeasts from autochthonous grape varieties is practiced obtaining unique types of wine, which is also typical of traditional Armenian wines. However, today the wine industry strives for technological standardization, while still emphasizing the value of traditional winemaking styles to preserve the unique bouquets of Armenian wines. Objective: The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize indigenous Saccharomyces yeast from Voskehat grape must and analyze its effect on the formation of bioactive compounds that determine the functional health potential of white wine from Voskehat grape. Methods: The grapes were hand-picked in the vineyards of Aghavnadzor village, Vayots Dzor region of Armenia, at the end of September, when they reached full technical maturity. Physicochemical analyses of grapes and wine were carried out by OIV (International Organization of Vine) methods. Organic acids were separated and identified by liquid chromatography. Metabolic characteristics (glucose consumption, ethanol and organic acid production) were determined by laboratory fermentations of grape must. Residual sugar, density, ethanol concentration, titratable and volatile acidity, pH and volatile compounds were determined from 0.9-liter fermentation batches. Results: Twenty-eight isolates were obtained from Voskehat grape must. Eighteen representative strains selected from all colony morphotypes were subjected to species identification by sequencing. The autochthonous yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae MDC-9852 and S. bayanus MDC-9862 were selected based on their physiological and biochemical characteristics. The parameters used to evaluate the strains were related to growth (growth kinetics) and metabolism (glucose, sucrose, ethanol and glycerol consumption). Technological characterization of the yeast was carried out in the same Voskehat grape must from which the yeast was isolated. Physicochemical parameters of the autochthonous strains and the commercial reference strain S. cerevisiae VR-44 in terms of alcohol content, residual sugar, volatile acids, free and total sulfur dioxide are almost identical and are within the permissible limits. Samples fermented with S. bayanus MDC-9862 and S. cerevisiae MDC-9852 strains are characterized by a higher content of tartaric acid 1.89 and 1.99 g/l and lactic acid 3.13 and 3.51 g/l, respectively, which have a positive effect on the quality and taste of wine. Conclusions: The studied yeast strains are characterized as effective in the process of making white wines. The aldehyde and acetal content indicators are noteworthy. The highest aldehyde values ​​of 85.18 and 81.40 mg/l were recorded in the yeast strains S. bayanus MDC- 9862 and S. cerevisiae MDC- 9852, respectively, so it can be assumed that they can be effective in the production of sherry wines. Wine from the Voskehat grape variety fermented with the yeast strains S. bayanus MDC-9862 and S. cerevisiae MDC-9852 has a high functional potential due to the good level of biologically active organic acids. Keywords: Voskehat grape, autochthonous yeast, Saccharomyces strains, fermentation, organic acids, wine quality.
Nuts and diabetes management: Nutritional and metabolic benefits
The escalating global prevalence of diabetes has spurred the urgency for effective management strategies. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the potential role of dietary interventions, particularly the incorporation of nuts, in the management of diabetes. This review aims to elucidate the nutritional significance of nuts and their potential impact on diabetes management. Articles used in this narrative review were retrieved from Scopus, Google scholar, ResearchGate, and other research platforms using keywords/phrases such as ‘diabetes’, ‘diabetes management’ ‘dietary strategies for diabetes’ as well as ‘nuts in diabetes management’. Only articles written in English, peer-reviewed, and focused on dietary strategies for managing diabetes were included in this narrative review. Findings showed that nuts, abundant in unsaturated fats, fiber, protein, vitamins, and minerals, exhibit favourable effects on glycaemic regulation, insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles. Accumulated evidence from epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses suggests that habitual nut consumption holds promise in ameliorating glycaemic control, mitigating cardiovascular complications, and augmenting overall health outcomes among individuals with diabetes. However, the specific mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be fully elucidated, and further research is warranted to establish optimal recommendations for nut consumption in the context of diabetes management. Although incorporating nuts into a balanced diet represents a promising and practical approach for enhancing the nutritional quality and metabolic health of individuals with diabetes, it is essential to address potential allergenicity and safety concerns associated with their consumption. Keywords: nuts, diabetes, glycaemia, insulin resistance, lipid profile
Medicinal potential of Thuja occidentalis and its essential oil
Thuja occidentalis L., which belongs to the Cupressaceae family, is commonly used in urban landscaping for its positive effects on microclimate regulation, noise reduction, air humidity maintenance, and air quality improvement. In folk medicine, Thuja occidentalis is used to treat bronchial asthma, rheumatism, and cystitis due to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties. The crude extract of the aerial parts and their fractions in the Thuja occidentalis plant have been shown to have dose-dependent spasmolytic effects on isolated rabbit intestines. Thuja essential oil has antifungal, anthelmintic, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties. Thujone is the main component of the thuja, while α-thujone displays antibacterial activity against some gram-negative bacteria. This effect creates an inhibitory effect in low concentrations of biofilm formation within different bacterial strains. Therefore, α-thujone may be a valuable tool for antibacterial therapy. The qualitative and quantitative composition of Thuja occidentalis essential oil is determined by the geographical conditions, climatic conditions of tree growth, and methods of harvesting the raw plant material. This paper collects various research on the medicinal properties of Thuja occidentalis essential oil and investigates the variables that influence oil composition. Keywords: thuja, thujone, growth, plant extract, enantiomer
Metformin: Optimal dosage, interactions, and efficacy. Exploring natural alternatives for diabetes management
The foundation of functional food science is to improve health and wellness by validating foods that affect one’s physical, behavioral, cognitive, psychological, or physiological function. Functional food science provides insight into foods that can be considered as “natural or processed foods that contain known or unknown biologically active compounds, which, in defined, effective, and non-toxic amounts, provide a clinically proven and documented health benefit for the prevention, management, or treatment of chronic diseases.” This definition of functional foods is translatable to oral therapeutics, which can be defined as drugs taken orally that contain biochemically active compounds that combat diseases. Oral drug therapies have revolutionized modern medicine and patient health outcomes by ensuring accessible and effective treatments. Well-known drugs are established by their discrete drug usage indications based on clinical research that mimics real-world usage. These drug parameters act as a guideline for medication administration and patient education. The Functional Food Center has introduced a novel system for validating functional foods. In a similar manner to Functional Food Center’s multi-step classification of functional food, a comprehensive evaluation of oral therapeutic drugs can be formulated. When evaluating a drug, these criteria substantiate the reasonable usage and continuation of oral therapies. Metformin is one of the top ten oral drugs used in the United States. This review evaluates metformin under these guidelines and reports on its adherence or nuance to these criteria. Metformin has blood glucose-lowering properties that effectively treat chronic diseases, namely type 2 diabetes. As a first-line defense in hyperglycemic control, metformin is used to suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis, among other mechanisms of cell signaling in insulin uptake. Focusing on the glucogenic breakdown properties of metformin, this review introduces fifteen key parameters of medicine performance and considerations for patient use. Novelty: This review uniquely applies a functional food science framework to evaluate metformin, a widely used oral therapeutic for type 2 diabetes. By adapting the Functional Food Center's multi-step classification process, this work introduces fifteen key parameters for assessing medication performance and patient use, offering a novel perspective on optimizing oral drug therapies beyond traditional clinical research.
Phyllanthus niruri leaves: Unveiling their reversible anti-inflammatory activity on MIF protein and macrophage cells
Background: Phyllanthus niruri leaves have been known for their various biological activities, including potential anti-inflammatory effects for prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. However, their anti-inflammatory effects have not yet been comprehensively elaborated. This study introduces the novel finding that Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract reversibly exhibits inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) activity, a key protein in chronic inflammation, with a low IC50. Furthermore, it demonstrates the extract's ability to reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ in macrophage cells, suggesting a previously unelaborated mechanism for its anti-inflammatory potential. Methods: The research innovatively combines the assessment of MIF tautomerase inhibition with the evaluation of pro-inflammatory cytokine reduction in macrophage cells to comprehensively characterize the anti-inflammatory activity of Phyllanthus niruri. The determination of the reversibility of MIF inhibition adds a crucial layer of understanding to its potential therapeutic action, suggesting a dynamic interaction with the target protein. Results: Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract inhibited MIF activity reversibly with an IC50 in the low mg/L range and reduced the concentrations of IL-1β and IFN-γ pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells to different extents. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract holds promise as a natural anti-inflammatory agent for managing inflammation-associated chronic diseases. The demonstrated in vitro efficacy warrants further investigation into its potential as a therapeutic or preventive agent, paving the way for future in vivo studies and clinical trials to validate its use in human health. Keywords: inflammatory-associated chronic diseases, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), macrophage cells, Phyllanthus niruri, anti-inflammatory agent.
A preliminary study of the domestication of Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. in the Ararat Valley of Armenia
Background: Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. (sickleweed) holds great potential as a food and medicinal plant. Its bioactive compounds (BAC) offer potential health benefits, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Its rich nutritional profile makes it a valuable functional food source. By studying the domestication possibilities of this plant, there is a potential to further enhance its properties without harming the environment and biodiversity. Research into its BAC content can unlock its full potential as a functional food and therapeutic herb. Objective: To investigate the possibility of domesticating the wild edible plant sickle weed in the Ararat Valley of Armenia in hydroponic and soil conditions. Methods: The plants' Vitamin C, β-carotene, and tannin content were determined using a titrimetric method. The total flavonoid and phenol content was quantified using a spectrophotometric method. Total protein content was assessed using the Kjeldahl method. Results: The study on sickleweed under hydroponics and soil cultivation observed significant differences in biometric parameters such as leaf number, leaf length, and root thickness in June: hydroponic plants had 1.3 times more leaves and thicker roots, whereas soil-grown plants developed leaves that were 3.5 cm longer on average. Hydroponic plants also exhibited significantly higher yields of BAC: 1.5 times more extractives, 1.2 times more flavonoids, 1.5 times more phenols, 1.3 times more tannins, and 1.7 times more protein. However, vitamin C and β-carotene levels remained in the same range for both growing conditions. Novelty of the Study: This study pioneers the domestication of Falcaria vulgaris in Armenia's Ararat Valley, comparing hydroponic and soil cultivation. Hydroponic methods significantly increased yields of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and protein versus soil cultivation. This research uniquely establishes domestication feasibility and optimizes functional food potential via controlled hydroponics, providing regional growth and biochemical data. Conclusion: The study confirmed the possibility of domesticating sickle weed in the conditions of the Ararat Valley. Hydroponic cultivation generally provides a higher concentration of specific BAC, which can enhance the plant's medicinal properties as a functional food. Keywords: sickle weed, hydroponics, soil, flavonoids, total phenols, tannins, protein, vitamin C
Improving the quality of animal meat by using blue iodine (Amyloiodine)
Background: Low-quality meat negatively impacts human health and leads to diseases. The nutritional value of low-quality meat is relatively poor, emphasizing the need to provide the population with high-grade and safe products so that individuals can consume adequate energy and nutrients, such as proteins, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. These dietary components work in conjunction to ensure health status. Objectives: This study aimed to observe the increase in nutritional value of cattle meat through using amyloiodine (blue iodine or iodized starch), a functional food ingredient. The use of this compound will make it possible to solve the iodine deficiency issue in the animal's body, strengthen the cattle's immune system, and obtain a higher-quality beef yield. This research included the study of chemical and organoleptic parameters of meat, the content of minerals within the product, and indicators of thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Methods: Scientific research was carried out using farms in the Ararat region, some of which were subsidiary. Observations were conducted in the laboratories of the Scientific Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise of the National Agrarian University of Armenia. The objects of the study were cows of the Caucasian brown and Simmental breeds (n=30). The animal population was divided into 2 groups: the experimental (n=15) and the control group (n=15). The experimental group orally received amyloiodine in a dose of 200 mL diluted in 200 mL of water daily for 5 days, while the control group did not receive amyloiodine. However, the dietary pattern in both groups was the same. After 5 days of drinking the amyloidine, the experimental group paused, returning after 5 days to receive blue iodine for another 5 days. During the trial period, amyloiodine, which is sold in pharmacies in ready-made form, was obtained in the laboratory, as its preparation method is simple and accessible. Amyloiodine was used in this study as it is an iodized starch that is highly effective in reducing iodine deficiencies and the incidence of diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. Results: In the studied cows, biological value and physico-chemical parameters were observed as deviations, given as a percentage, to indicate an increase in the nutritional value of meat. Positive deviations were observed in the experimental group, which received the amyloidine. Novelty: This study uniquely investigates using orally administered amyloiodine (blue iodine) as a functional food ingredient to enhance cattle meat's nutritional value and quality in an iodine-deficient region. It demonstrates amyloiodine's effectiveness in improving meat's protein and mineral composition, reducing potential toxins, and enhancing overall meat safety and organoleptic properties. Conclusion: Scientific research in this study has shown that the orally administered amyloiodine, a functional food ingredient, improves meat quality by increasing protein and mineral composition, reducing toxins, and improving meat safety in production. The use of amyloidine within the meat production industry in Armenia is widely accepted, as cows are in an endemic zone of the territory. In this territory, there is a complete absence of iodine in the earth's interior and the plant kingdom. Keywords: amyloiodine, cattle, organoleptic parameters, nutritional value of meat, bioactive compound
Isolation, purification, identification of melanin from grape pomace extracts, and its application areas
Background: In recent years, natural pigments have gained increasing interest across various industries. Melanin is a versatile pigment with many biological effects, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiradical, immunostimulatory, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and bio-stimulatory effects. Melanin can absorb heavy metal ions and remain stable over a broad pH range, with temperatures up to 130°C. These properties are primarily attributed to the high concentration of unpaired electrons (10¹⁷–10¹⁹ spin/g). Water-soluble melanin has many applications. This compound serves as an antioxidant, an antimicrobial, an anticancer agent in medicine, a neutralizer of free radicals in tobacco production, a bio-stimulant in agriculture, a food additive, a semiconductor in solar battery production, and a radioprotector in nuclear power plants. Objective: This study aims to develop an efficient method to isolate and purify melanin from grape skin seeds. Once collected, its physicochemical and biological properties were determined to assess the purity yield, allowing researchers to explore this product's potential applications. Methods: Melanin was extracted from grape pomace under static conditions (65°C, 2.5–3.0 h) using 0.7 M sodium hydroxide as an extractant. Following centrifugation, melanin was isolated by acidifying the alkaline extract with HCl to a pH of 2.0. The resulting amorphous precipitate was purified through repeated re-precipitation. To obtain water-soluble melanin, the precipitate was dissolved in NaOH, vacuum-evaporated to a viscous form, and dried at 60°C. Results: Grape varieties analyzed (white Itsaptuk, red Karmir Itsaptuk, black Armenia) yielded melanin at rates of 0.114%, 0.164%, 0.148%, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) confirmed similar valency deformation vibrations across all varieties studied. HPLC analysis revealed a single symmetrical peak for each sample, indicating chromatographic purity and uniform composition. Studies concluded that melanin was effective as a food-coloring agent in beverages, baked goods, and confectionery. When applied to vegetable melon seeds, low-concentration melanin solutions exhibited high bio-stimulating activity, enhancing root development and improving crop yields. Conclusion: The extraction method within this experiment efficiently produces affordable, pure, water-soluble melanin from grape pomace. Due to its chromatographically pure composition, melanin has the potential to be used in medicine, food production, and tobacco processing. Notably, melanin can reduce the production of free radicals in tobacco smoke. Keywords: melanin, grapes, production, identification, application
Nutritional profiles of Moringa pods (Moringa oleifera) and their extract activities on SaOS-2 osteoblast cells
Background: Moringa oleifera has long been valued in traditional Asian medicine and cuisine for its numerous health benefits. It is rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds and exhibits powerful antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties. Objectives: This study investigated the nutritional profile and potential health benefits of Moringa pods, focusing on their anti-inflammatory properties and ability to promote bone formation at the cellular level. Furthermore, it explores the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of Moringa pod extract by evaluating its ability to reduce inflammatory cytokine secretion and promote bone formation in osteoblast cells. Methods: Freeze-dried Moringa pod powder was analyzed for its caloric content, macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and amino acid composition. Results: The pods contain 29 calories per 100 g (dry weight), with a high protein content of 19.69 g and low-fat levels (3.2 g). Notably, they are rich in dietary fiber (48.66 g) and essential minerals such as potassium (2251 mg) and magnesium (151.4 mg). The highlighted key amino acids are glycine (2167.88 mg) and L-arginine (1923.08 mg). In vitro experiments have demonstrated that Moringa pod extract at concentrations of 62.5 to 250 µg/mL significantly reduced inflammation in LPS-stimulated SaOS-2 osteoblast cells, leading to decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, the extract enhanced cell viability and calcium production, suggesting its potential to promote bone health. Novelty: This study provides a comprehensive nutritional profile of Moringa pods, including detailed amino acid and mineral content. It also uniquely demonstrates Moringa pod extract’s in vitro anti-inflammatory and bone-forming potential in SaOS-2 osteoblast cells, highlighting its rich nutritional composition and bioactivity. Conclusion: Moringa pods exhibit significant potential to modulate inflammation and promote bone formation in SaOS-2 cells. The extract effectively reduced inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, enhancing cell viability and decreasing apoptosis. It also significantly increased calcium production, a key indicator of bone health. These findings suggest Moringa pod extract is a promising therapeutic agent for maintaining bone homeostasis and preventing inflammatory bone disorders, warranting further research for clinical applications. These findings highlight the nutritional value of Moringa pods and their therapeutic potential in attenuating inflammation, inhibiting bone formation. Keywords: Anti-inflammation, Bone formation, Calcium production, Moringa oleifera, Moringa pod, Nutritional profile Osteoblast cell and SaOS-2.
Evaluation of several lettuce varieties based on economically valuable traits and nutritional value under vertical hydroponic cultivation conditions
Background: The cultivation areas of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) are increasing daily in both open and protected ground conditions. It is stable in the population's diet because it contains vitamins C, B1, B2, PP, P, E, K, folate, and carotene. The leaves are rich in over 30 mineral elements, such as nitrogen, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, and phosphorus. The chemical composition of lettuce varies depending on the cultivation conditions. In vertical hydroponic greenhouses, lettuce is cultivated year-round, providing eight to nine harvests. Introducing varieties rich in bioactive substances for an economically valuable production is crucial. Objective: The research aims to evaluate the content of bioactive components such as ascorbic acid and vitamin A, macro and microelements, and productivity in local and imported lettuce varieties grown hydroponically, focusing on enhancing food functionality. Method: The research objects are the Cencibel RZ, Levistro RZ, Manushak, and Veradarc varieties of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Experiments were set with 3 repetitions. The spectrophotometer (Carry 60 UV-Vis, Agilent Technologies, USA) was used to identify the content of ascorbic acid and vitamin A. The refractometric method determined the dry matter content, and the total sugars were measured according to Bertrand's method. The composition of elements N, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe was determined in lettuce at the Organic Agriculture Laboratory of Armenian National Agrarian University with a photometric LASA-AGRO 3900&1900 workstation․ The total yield and marketability yield of the variants studied were recorded using the weighing method. Results: Different varieties' growth and development phases varied between five to eight days. The Manushak variety was found to have biometric indicators, forming lusher, curled green leaves, and larger leaf rosettes. The Manushak variety excelled in yield per unit area (m²), providing 4.8 kg/m², surpassing other varieties by 1.3-1.1 kg. The highest amounts of vitamin A and C were recorded in the Manushak variety (0.35 mg and 15.1 mg, respectively). The Manushak and Cencibel RZ varieties showed high indicators of macro and microelements. For example, the amount of Vitamin K was 205.5 mg in the Manushak variety and 205.0 mg in the Cencibel RZ variety. Conclusion: Comparative studies of local and imported lettuce varieties led to the following conclusions: the local variety "Manushak" excelled in vertical hydroponic conditions, demonstrating superior early growth, better morphology, higher yield, and enhanced nutritional value. Keywords: lettuce, variety, vertical hydroponic, yield, phenology, chemical composition, nutritional value
Study of anthocyanins and biochemical properties in several genetic resources from the European evaluation network Capsicum chinese chili pepper collection in Armenia
Introduction: Pepper crops are gaining increasing interest among vegetables due to their high content of vitamin C and P-active substances. Pepper fruits are also rich in carotene, thiamine, folic acid, proteins, minerals, and antioxidants. These peppers can be classified as dietary products with excellent taste properties, making them suitable for fresh consumption. Considering that chili peppers C. annuum, C. frutescens, and C. chinense share a common phylogenetic prototype, represented by a wild species, we studied C. chinense samples to breed new varieties. This study focused on their fruits' vitamin C content and antioxidant properties. Capsicum chinense holds great economic importance due to its characteristic pleasant aroma, pungency, and variety of shapes and colors. Objective: To study the effectiveness of various Capsicum chinense genetic resources conserved within the European Evaluation (EVA) Network, focusing on the anthocyanin content and biochemical properties of pepper fruits cultivated in Armenia. Methods: The study included Capsicum chinense pepper accessions 149, 153, 156, 157, 158, 166, 167, 170, 171, 174, 179, 183, 199, and 200 from the European Evaluation (EVA) Network. Biochemical properties and statistical analysis were conducted using accepted methods. Results: The total anthocyanin content in the accessions ranged from 0.11% to 0.98% by mass. Accessions 157, 199, 167, 149, 166, and 179 stood out for their high anthocyanin content, with values of 0.98%, 0.94%, 0.61%, 0.42%, 0.35%, and 0.34%, respectively. Dry matter content in the fruits of chili pepper accessions at the stage of technical ripeness was 3.6% - 5.2%, and at the stage of biological ripeness (before physiological ripeness), it was 4.9% - 6.5%. The sugar content in the fruits at the stage of technical ripeness was 0.8% - 2.8%, and at the stage of biological ripeness, it was 1.5% - 4.5%. The vitamin C content at the stage of technical ripeness was 32.85 - 53.85 mg% (mg/100g), and at biological ripeness, it was 45.35 - 69.55 mg%. Canned pickled peppers were prepared from fruits of different colors and shapes of Capsicum chinense. Conclusion: Several accessions from the EVA Network Capsicum chinense pepper collection exhibited high anthocyanin content and favorable biochemical properties in fruits cultivated in Armenia. Plants of different chili pepper accessions demonstrated varying rates of biological traits, phenotypic transitions, and diverse fruit colorations and shapes. Keywords: chili pepper, anthocyanins, dry matter, sugars, acidity, vitamin C, genetic resources
The change in functional components in mulberry fruits (Morus alba L.) through the development of an optimal land transformation scheme for different land types
Background: Transforming agricultural land types using optimal economic-mathematical modeling can significantly improve soil quality, leading to better crop yield and quality. These changes are particularly important for promoting the production of functional foods, which provide additional health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Mulberry cultivation in brown soils is a key example, as it is a rich source of functional food, known for its high nutritional value and positive health effects. Mulberries have been used in traditional Armenian folk medicine for centuries, and their inclusion in functional food production further highlights their nutritional and health-promoting benefits. Objective: This study, conducted from 2020 to 2024 in two communities in the Syunik region of Armenia, aimed to explore the impact of agricultural land transformation by applying an optimal economic-mathematical model on brown soils. The study focused on improving qualitative indicators of agricultural land types to promote higher productivity and functional effectiveness of mulberry cultivation. Methods: The study utilized an economic-mathematical model to enhance the qualitative indicators of agricultural land, achieving economic, social, and environmental benefits. The focus was on land transformation strategies that would increase the functional effectiveness of mulberries and boost their cultivation in different land types. Results: Land transformation through applying optimal economic-mathematical modeling enhanced soil quality, directly improving the yield and quality of mulberry crops. The optimized land conversion strategies resulted in significant improvements in the functional components of mulberries, boosting their nutritional value and health benefits (Rutin (Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside)-71.1±4.8 mg/100g, Isoquercitrin (Quercetin 3-O-glucoside)-11.0±0.3 mg/100g, Malonyl flavonoids (Quercetin 3-O-(6´´-O-malonyl) glucoside and Kaempferol 3-O-(6´´-O-malonyl) glucoside) are also present in significant amounts, suggesting the potential for additional beneficial properties). Additionally, the increased efficiency of mulberry cultivation under transformed soil conditions highlights the potential for sustainable agricultural practices. The results confirm that such agricultural innovations increase productivity and better environmental outcomes. Land transformation by applying optimal economic-mathematical modeling enhances soil quality, directly improving the yield and quality of mulberry crops. The optimized land conversion strategies resulted in significant improvements in the functional components of mulberries, boosting their nutritional value and health benefits. Additionally, the increased efficiency of mulberry cultivation under transformed soil conditions highlights the potential for sustainable agricultural practices. The results confirm that such agricultural innovations lead to increased productivity, better environmental outcomes, and the improvement of the qualitative characteristics of functional food products. Novelty: This study is the first to investigate the chemical changes in large and sweet white mulberries through optimal economic-mathematical modeling and land transformation schemes. It explores how changes in land quality indicators contribute to economic, social, and environmental benefits, ultimately advancing the production of health-promoting foods. Conclusion: The study highlights the significance of applying optimal economic-mathematical modeling to transform agricultural land types. The results show that land transformation improves soil quality and crop yield while enhancing mulberry cultivation's functional effectiveness. These transformations contribute to promoting sustainable agricultural practices and supporting the production of functional foods. Keywords: land transformation, digital matrix, Solver project, mulberry, functional components, effectiveness.