Functional Foods in Health and Disease - Online ISSN: 2160-3855; Print ISSN: 2378-7007
The Functional Foods in Health and Disease (FFHD) is a peer-reviewed, open-access international journal which serves as the journal of the Academic Society for Functional Foods and Bioactive Compounds (ASFFBC). Journal Citation and Indexing The FFHD journal has been indexed in the Web of Science since 2011 with a current Impact Factor of 1.04. In addition, FFHD is indexed in the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) since 2015 and in Scopus since 2020. All articles from 2011 on have been accepted and indexed in web of Science. The acceptance into both Scopus and Web of Science shows the strength of the journal and the authors as well as helps to expand the reach of our published articles. The articles we publish include cutting-edge biomedical research and development of functional foods. The goal is to provide research that can lead to the development of functional food products. The actual definition for these functional foods, as provided by the Functional Food Center (FFC) is as follows: “Natural or processed foods that contain biologically-active compounds, which, in defined, effective, non-toxic amounts, provide a clinically proven and documented health benefit utilizing specific biomarkers, to promote optimal health and reduce the risk of chronic/viral diseases and manage their symptoms." The journal also serves as an excellent resource for Ph.D. students, professors, public health professionals, medical doctors, dieticians, nutritionists, government representatives (FDA, NIH, USDA), and the general public for information regarding the latest advancements for promoting optimal health and reducing the risk of chronic/viral diseases and managing their symptoms using functional foods and bioactive compounds including antioxidants, vitamins, and many more. The FFHD journal has been published under the title Functional Foods in Health and Disease since February 2011. You can submit your manuscripts and cover letter here or directly to the Editorial Office at editor@ffhdj.com as an e-mail attachment. Additional information about submission guidelines can be found here and an example cover letter can be found here. Scopus Metrics: [Functional Foods in Health and Disease - Scopus Page] The FFHD journal is also indexed in the following databases: Scopus, CrossRef, Index Copernicus International (ICI), Chemical Abstract, EBSCO, and Google Scholar. Functional Food in Health and Disease journal has been indexed in the following databases: Scopus, Index Copernicus, CrossRef, and Google Scholar. The FFHD journal has been indexed in Scopus since 2020 with a current CiteScore of 3.0 (Calculated on April 5th, 2025). Journal H-index is 27. While SJR currently lists FFHD in Quartile 3 (Q3), a direct search on the Scopus website shows that the journal is now ranked in Quartile 2 (Q2), reflecting recent citation improvements.
Any manuscripts or substantial parts of it, submitted to the journal must not be under consideration by or previously published in any other journal or citable form. Authors are required to ensure that no material submitted as part of a manuscript infringes existing copyrights or the rights of a third party. In submitting one's article in any form, the author has assigned the FFC publishing rights and has agreed to an automatic transfer of the copyright to the publisher. This is so that the FFC may create print option journals, for example, at the FFC’s discretion. If the author wishes to distribute their works by means outside of the FFC, for example within their community, they will have to place a request. Correspondence concerning articles published in Functional Foods in Health and Disease is encouraged. While derivative works (adaptations, extensions on the current work, etc.) are allowed, distribution of the modified material is not allowed without permission from the FFC.
Superiority of the body roundness index over BMI in linking central adiposity with vitamin D3: A cross-sectional study in Iraqi adults
Background: Body mass index is a poor measure of central adiposity. The Body Roundness Index may be a better measure, although data for Middle Eastern adults are limited. Objectives: To investigate the association of animal-fat consumption with adiposity indices as well as vitamin D3, and compare BRI with BMI as a marker of body fat in Iraqi adults. Methods: We used dietary questionnaires, anthropometry, and bioelectrical impedance to estimate visceral fat area and serum vitamin D3 in a cross-sectional study of 527 adults. Correlation and regression analyses were performed. Results: There was no association between animal-fat intake and the adiposity indices or vitamin D3. In contrast with BMI, BRI presented a quite strong inverse correlation with vitamin D3 (r = –0.497, p < 0.001). Visceral fat area was not predicted by any of the indices. Novelty explicit: In this adult sample from Iraq, BRI is more helpful than BMI for detecting central adiposity, which is associated with vitamin D3 insufficiency; as a result, BRI may be a better screening tool in a clinical and epidemiological context. Conclusion: BRI was a better indicator of metabolic risk associated with adiposity than BMI. In both clinical and epidemiological settings, it might be a beneficial screening tool for central adiposity and Vitamin D deficiency. Keywords: Body Roundness Index; Vitamin D3; Visceral fat; Body Mass Index; Adiposity.
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Cerebrovascular and antihyperlipidemic properties of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) fruit
Background: Ischemic diseases are major global health burden, contributing significantly to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders, with ischemic stroke being a leading cause. The main risk factors for ischemia are vascular wall damage, atherosclerosis progression, lipid metabolism disturbances, and increased platelet aggregation. Current medications targeting these mechanisms may lead to side effects, especially when they are used for prevention, driving interest in plant-derived compounds with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular benefits. Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) has attracted attention for its high levels of polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and organic acids, known for their blood pressure-regulating, anti-inflammatory, and sleep-modulating properties. These compounds protect the vascular system by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Investigation of sour cherry cerebrovascular and anti-hyperlipidemic properties may contribute to integrating plant-based therapies into existing cardiovascular treatment strategies, offering new opportunities for disease prevention and management. Objectives: The purpose of this observation was to investigate the antihyperlipidemic activity and discover the new cerebrovascular effects of sour cherry fruits. Results: Obtained data evidenced that cholesterol levels in blood samples after 7 days of fruit intake were decreased by 2.74±1.52% compared with baseline parameters (day 0). Continued sour cherry fruit intake for 14 days led to further reduction in cholesterol levels by 8.1±3.30%, nearly three times exceeding the reduction level registered on day 7. Assessment of sour cherry fruits on triglyceride levels showed a significant reduction on days 7 and 14 by 17.86 ± 5.57% and 21.01 ± 9.25%, respectively, compared to baseline. No notable changes were observed in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels following sour cherry fruit intake. In contrast, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels decreased by 8.1 ± 4.24% after 14 days of consumption compared with control values. Registration of brain blood flow enabled the discovery of cerebrovascular activity in sour cherry fruits. It is noteworthy that its ability of sour cherry fruits to increase the cerebral blood flow (CBF) appears especially in case of cerebral blood flow impairment. Thus, under the normal condition, cerebral blood flow after intraperitoneal injection of 2.5 g/kg freeze-dried sour cherry fruit solution was not changed significantly. After the ligation of right common carotid artery, when CBF was decreased by 31.07±3.96% (p<0.05) intraperitoneal administration of the freeze-dried sour cherry fruits solution (2.5 g/ kg) was accompanied by the elevation of CBF, being above from occlusion levels by 13.6±5.19% ( p<0.05) at 30 minutes, and by 33.8±6.06% -at 80 minutes, compared to occlusion values. Notably, by the end of the experiment, CBF levels exceeded not only the occlusion level by 40.04±12.51%, as well as the baseline level. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that sour cherry fruits possess cerebrovascular and antihyperlipidemic activity, as based on their ability to improve impaired cerebral blood flow and reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These results highlight the potential of sour cherry as a natural and effective plant-based agent for reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors, including hypercholesterolemia. Keywords: common carotid artery occlusion, new cerebrovascular activity, lipid spectrum changes, freeze-dried sour cherry.
Active medicinal-food homologous complex nutrients (AMCN) enhance immune systems in zebrafish
Background: Immunosuppression, whether caused by disease, stress, or medical treatments, compromises host defense by disrupting both innate and adaptive immune responses. Natural compounds such as Ganoderma lucidum, polygonatum, and mulberry leaves have long been used in traditional medicine for their immune-enhancing properties, yet their efficacy is often limited by low bioavailability. Biotransformation offers a promising approach to enhance the bioactivity of these medicinal-food homologous substances, but its potential in restoring immune function has not been fully explored. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether active medicinal-food homologous complex nutrients (AMCN) formulation containing Ganoderma lucidum, polygonatum, and mulberry leaf could restore immune function in an immunodeficient zebrafish model. Specifically, we aimed to evaluate its effects on both innate and adaptive immune cell populations, including neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells, as well as its ability to modulate key immune-related cytokines. Methods: AMCN was prepared by culturing Ganoderma lucidum mycelia, followed by enzymatic biotransformation with polygonatum and mulberry leaf powders and subsequent fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum. Transgenic zebrafish larvae were used as an in vivo model to evaluate immunomodulatory effects. Immune suppression was induced using cyclophosphamide, and larvae were exposed to AMCN to assess immune recovery. Changes in innate and adaptive immune cell populations and key cytokine expression were analyzed to determine the efficacy of AMCN. Results: AMCN treatment significantly restored immune cell populations in immunodeficient zebrafish, increasing neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells compared with the model group. It also upregulated key pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tnf-α, il-12a, and ifn-γ. Conclusion: AMCN effectively restores both innate and adaptive immune cell populations in an immunodeficient zebrafish model, highlighting its potential as a natural immunomodulatory agent. Novelty of the study: This study is the first to show that a biotransformed complex of AMCN can restore both innate and adaptive immune cell populations in an immunodeficient zebrafish model. AMCN exhibited broad immunostimulatory effects, upregulating key cytokines and highlighting biotransformation as a strategy to enhance the bioactivity of medicinal-food homologous substances for mitigating immunosuppression. Keywords: AMCN, biotransformation, immunomodulation, zebrafish model.
Expression ratio of PD-1 on the T cell surface and TGF-β levels in acute and chronic brucellosis: A marker of immune evasion
Background: Brucellosis is considered a zoonotic disease characterized by the ability of Brucella spp. to evade host immune responses and establish chronic infections. Key immune-regulatory molecules, such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and programmed death-1 (PD-1), may play a central role in this immune evasion. Objective: The present study had a gold target to compare the expression of PD-1 on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, as well as serum levels of TGF-β level between patients with acute or chronic brucellosis relative to those in healthy controls. It also aimed to assess their prospective roles as immunological markers of advancing and persistent disease. Methods: In the present study, we recruited a total of 60 confirmed brucellosis patients , about 30 of both acute and chronic, as well as 30 healthy controls. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was reliant on the measurement of serum TGF-β levels, and flow cytometry assisted in the identification of PD-1 expression among CD4 ⁺ and CD8 ⁺ T cells. Correlation analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between TGF-β levels and PD-1 expression. Results: Patients with acute brucellosis exhibited significantly higher levels of PD-1 on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes than that of chronic patients and healthy individuals (P < 0.05). Patients with chronic brucellosis also showed increased PD-1 levels compared with controls. No significant difference was found between both acute and chronic brucellosis stages but serum level of TGF-β in both cases differed significantly from control (P < 0.05). Plasma TGF-β was highly positively correlated with PD-1 expression (r = 0.99, P < 0.0001) indicating that they could act co-operatively to suppress immunity. Novelty: The present study sheds novel light on the immunological basis of brucellosis infection, especially about immune escape. It illustrates the correlation of PD-1 expression with TGF-β levels, as a biomarker for disease monitoring and also as a therapeutic target. These results provide a new insight into the host–pathogen interplay that may contribute to designing therapeutic interventions for reactivating antimicrobial immune responses in chronic brucellosis. Conclusion: The ultimate conclusions of our study are that the immune suppression in patients infected with brucellosis infections is due to the product of higher levels serum TGF-β and increased expression levels of PD-1 on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. The strong association of TGF-β and PD-1 suggests a controlling program that facilitates Brucella persistence. The examined markers look to be promising targets for therapy of immunological dysfunction in chronic brucellosis and could serve as the indicators for the monitoring of disease. Keywords: Brucellosis, chronic infection (CI), immune evasion, PD-1, TGF-β, T cell exhaustion.
Regulation of a synbiotic herbal-probiotic formula (HBF) on alcohol metabolism in human: A randomized controlled trial
Background: Excessive alcohol intake is a global health concern. Short-term alcohol consumption can lead to unpleasant hangover experiences, while long-term excessive intake is associated with liver injury, neurological disorders, cancer, and various other diseases. Herbal and probiotic interventions have shown promise in modulating alcohol metabolism, but the effects of combined synbiotic formulas remain underexplored. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a novel herbal–probiotic formula (HBF), composed of Pueraria lobata (30%), Hovenia dulcis (30%), Lactobacillus rhamnosus Alcoker0067 (20%), and Lactobacillus plantarum ZQ15 (20%), on alcohol metabolism in healthy male volunteers. In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 20 participants were assigned to either the HBF or placebo group. Following HBF or placebo administration and subsequent alcohol consumption, blood samples were collected at multiple time points (0.5–8 h) to measure ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid concentrations, as well as ADH and ALDH activities. Liver function (ALT, AST), oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, GPx), and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β) were also evaluated. Results: HBF significantly (p < 0.05) accelerated ethanol clearance and enhanced serum ADH and ALDH activities at 0.5 and 1.5 h. Compared to the placebo group, HBF administration led to lower serum ethanol and MDA levels, elevated SOD activity, and reduced TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations, especially at 0.5 h and 3 h. ALT and AST levels were also decreased, indicating a hepatoprotective effect. Conclusion: The HBF formula effectively promotes alcohol metabolism and alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation associated with alcohol consumption, supporting its potential as a safe and effective anti-hangover intervention. Keywords: anti-hangover, alcohol, Pueraria lobata, Hovenia dulcis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus Alcoker0067, Lactobacillus plantarum ZQ15.
Apricot leaf: A new source of bioactive compounds – an overview
Background: Growing awareness of the health benefits of functional foods has fueled interest in products rich in bioactive compounds. Fruits and berries are well-established sources of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, terpenes, pectin, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. More recently, plant leaves have emerged as promising alternative reservoirs of these bioactive compounds. Several berry leaves are already included in the European Commission’s Novel Food Catalogue or are traditionally consumed in herbal teas. Within this context, the leaves of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) represent a valuable yet largely underexplored resource. Objectives: This review summarizes current knowledge on the biochemical composition, phytochemical diversity, and health-promoting effects of apricot leaves, highlighting their potential applications in functional foods and natural health products. Results: Apricot leaves contain abundant polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, essential oils, and vital macro- and microelements. Key phenolic compounds include chlorogenic acid, catechin, rutin, and naringin, while condensed tannins dominate the tannin fraction. ORAC, ABTS, FRAP, and chemiluminescent assays confirm strong free-radical-scavenging capacity. Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid exhibit anti-obesity effects through pancreatic lipase and COX-1 inhibition. Essential oils rich in phytol show notable antioxidant and neuroprotective activity, including acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Apricot leaf extracts display hepatoprotective, antimicrobial (notably against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium), and antifungal properties without cytotoxicity. Minerals such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc further enhance their nutritional value. Conclusions: With their rich phytochemical and mineral profile, apricot leaves offer promising applications in herbal teas, oral care, skincare, and as natural flavoring agents. Their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects support their potential as functional food ingredients and natural health-promoting products. Novelty: This is the first comprehensive review dedicated to the phytochemistry, pharmacological potential, and food-industry applications of apricot leaves. Keywords: apricot leaves, bioactive compounds, functional food, bioactive properties, applications in functional
Genetic Changes In Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Induced by High Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Soil
Background: Heavy metal contamination poses a significant environmental threat in developing regions such as the Syunik Province of Armenia, where agricultural lands coexist with metal mining operations. Heavy metals are genotoxic, therefore, the study of genetic changes in wild and cultivated edible plants here is essential for evaluating the safety of traditional plant-based foods (“zhengyal,” honey, herbal teas, etc.). Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) is notable for its use in traditional diets and the accumulation of micronutrients. Thus, it’s prospective for both environmental monitoring and functional food development. Context and purpose of this study: The relation between heavy metal contamination of environment and DNA polymorphisms of T. officinale from Syunik, Armenia was studied. Results: Significant genetic variation was observed among the samples, with the highest polymorphism (95.46%) in Artsvanik Village and the lowest (73.24%) in Ttujur District. Increased soil concentrations of Fe and Mn were correlated with greater DNA polymorphism, suggesting a higher mutation rate in contaminated areas. These results point to a direct relationship between heavy metal exposure and genome instability in dandelion plants. Conclusions: Significant genetic changes were observed in samples from all surveyed locations in Syunik. T. officinale is able to accumulate heavy metals and may be used in ecotoxicological and remediation research as bio-indicator. Also, it could be recommended for further research as potential source for bioactive supplements and functional foods elaboration with diuretic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and immunomodulatory properties. Keywords: Taraxacum officinale, food safety, heavy metals, soil contamination, PCR, polymorphism
The effect of different growth conditions on the content of bioactive compounds and gross β-radioactivity of some wild edible plants in the Republic of Armenia
Background: Nowadays, people prefer using edible plants over synthetic drugs for the prevention and treatment of diseases. These plants are rich in bioactive compounds (BC), such as vitamins, carotenoids, proteins, carbohydrates, organic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and more. Humans have used them for thousands of years as both food and medicine. Through the rational use of edible plants, people aim to enhance the body’s immunity and prevent diseases. In this context, the need to obtain edible plants that are both rich in BC and radioecologically safe has become an urgent concern. Objective: To identify the optimal conditions for obtaining BC-rich radioecologically safe plant products, we studied the comparative characteristics of BC (protein, tannins, flavonoids) content and their gross β-radioactivity in several wild edible plants-WEP (sickleweed - Falcaria vulgaris Bernh., eryngium - Eryngium caucasicum Trautv., and rhubarb - Rheum rhabarbarum L.) under outdoor hydroponics and soil cultivation conditions. The research was conducted at the Institute of Hydroponics Problems (IHP) in the Ararat Valley; an area located within a 30 km radius of the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant (ANNP). Methods: Total protein content was assessed using the Kjeldahl method, and tannin content was determined using a titrimetric method, while the total flavonoid content was quantified using a spectrophotometric method. Gross β-radioactivity of samples was defined with radiochemical methods through the radiometer UMF-1500 with low background. Results: The cultivation method (hydroponics, soil) did not significantly affect the content of total flavonoids and tannins in sickleweed leaves. In hydroponics, the protein content in sickleweed increased by 1.3 times, while the flavonoid content in eryngium leaves and the tannin content were 1.2 times higher than those in soil-grown plants. The concentration of the nutrient solution (0.75N, 1.0N, 1.25N) significantly affected the flavonoid and tannin content in the petioles of rhubarb. The minimum flavonoid and tannin content in rhubarb petioles was recorded at 0.75N (0.2% and 2.1%, respectively), while the maximum content was observed at 1.25N (0.4% and 2.8%, respectively). Food plants, in order of gross β-radioactivity levels in hydroponics and soil, form the following descending order: sickleweed > eryngium > rhubarb. The gross β-radioactivity of plants varied between 780-910 Bq/kg in hydroponic systems, compared to 650-760 Bq/kg in soil. Novelty: This study is the first to integrate biochemical profiling of BC with radiological safety assessment in WEP (sickleweed, eryngium, and rhubarb) cultivated under hydroponic and soil conditions. It demonstrates that hydroponics not only enhances protein, flavonoid, and tannin yields but also ensures radio-ecological safety, confirming WEP as promising functional food ingredients and medicinal resources. Conclusion: In the raw materials of WEP, the content of certain BC in hydroponics exceeded that in soil. The raw materials of plants grown under different conditions are considered radio-ecologically safe because their gross β-radioactivity does not exceed the radio-ecological safety threshold set by the World Health Organization (< 1000 Bq/kg). Regardless of cultivation conditions, edible plants can be used as a functional food. Keywords: Falcaria vulgaris Bernh., Eryngium caucasicum Trautv., Rheum rhabarbarum L., protein, tannin, total flavonoids, radio-ecological safety.
Integrative effects of an oral supplement mixture containing melon, yeast extract, and licorice on skin pigmentation reduction: Insights from a zebrafish model and a randomized double-blind controlled pilot human trial
Introduction: Intrinsic aging (e.g., genetic and metabolic changes) and extrinsic factors (e.g., sun exposure and environmental pollution) contribute to skin pigmentation and aged facial appearance. Plant extracts, known for their antioxidant properties, may influence skin pigmentation both directly and indirectly through pigment metabolism in the liver, potentially mitigating the effects of aging. Objective: This study investigates the effects of a mixture of melon, yeast extract, and licorice (Mix) oral supplement on liver metabolism and skin pigmentation. Methods: A zebrafish model of chemical liver injury was established using acetaminophen (APAP). Liver and yolk sac areas were analyzed, and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) activity and total bilirubin content were measured to assess the supplement’s protective effects. Additionally, a zebrafish pigmentation model was induced with menadione, and yolk sac pigmentation intensity was analyzed. A pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 22 healthy female volunteers randomly assigned to either the experimental or placebo group. Participants consumed 700 mg of the mixture (Mix) daily for 8 weeks. Skin brightness (L*), yellowness (b*), individual typology angle (ITA°), and melanin index (MI) were measured using a skin colorimeter (CL 400), melanin meter (MX 18), and VISIA 7 at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Results: In the zebrafish liver injury model, the mixture group（Mix Group）showed a significant increase in liver surface area, a decrease in yolk sac area, increased UGT1A1 activity, and reduced total bilirubin levels compared to the model control group. In the zebrafish pigmentation model, yolk sac pigmentation intensity was lower in the mixture group（Mix Group）. The pilot human trial demonstrated that participants taking the mixture (Mix) experienced significant improvements in skin brightness (L*) and ITA°, along with reductions in skin yellowness (b*) and melanin index (MI) after 4 and 8 weeks. Conclusion: An oral supplement comprising bioactive compounds from melon, yeast extract, and licorice effectively reduce skin pigmentation and supports liver pigment metabolism. This formulation, with its demonstrated functional food properties, suggests potential as an anti-aging intervention. Keywords: Skin pigmentation; Liver; Oral supplements; Plant extracts; Antioxidants; Zebrafish
Novel functional confectionery: incorporating blueberry extract for nutritional enhancement and quality improvement
Background: Blueberries are renowned for their rich composition of beneficial ingredients, including essential organic acids such as citric, lactic, malic, and succinic acids. They also contain numerous vital minerals essential for normal physiological functioning, such as iron, potassium, manganese, copper, sulfur, phosphorus, chromium, and zinc, with manganese content being particularly exceptional among plants. Furthermore, these berries provide carotene (a precursor to vitamin A), B vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin PP, and tannins. They are particularly rich in flavonoids, which are potent natural antioxidants. Literature shows the beneficial role of blueberries and blueberry extract in human consumption, highlighting their importance in promoting a healthy diet. However, blueberry by-products in confectionery production remain widely underutilized. Characterizing this opportunity to enhance confectionery products with functional food qualities may significantly improve the nutritional profile of flour-based products, such as muffins. Evaluating different qualitative doses can help optimize health benefits while supporting the development of a novel category of functional muffins. Objective: This research aimed to utilize blueberry extract as a functional ingredient for the development of a novel confectionery product. A key objective was to scientifically substantiate the positive effects of this extract on the chemical composition and overall quality of cupcakes. One of the main objectives of this study is to increase the content of essential minerals in food through the addition of blueberry extract and, by doing so, increase its functional properties. Materials and Methods: Blueberry samples were sourced from the Aparan region, where preliminary studies revealed a high concentration of valuable compounds within them. Subsequent investigations focused on determining comparative indicators of quality and anthocyanin content in fresh fruit extracts via direct spectrometry. Environmentally friendly extracts were prepared with minimized levels of potentially undesirable macro- and microelements (e.g., Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, Mn, Co, Cd, V, Se, Cr, As, Pb) through ion-exchange sorption and desorption. All research utilized highly precise, state-of-the-art equipment. Raw materials and finished products were analyzed using the gravimetric method with KERN analytical balances (accuracy 0.95), while vitamin and mineral compositions were determined via an integrated HPLC system. Results: During the study, various forms of blueberry extract were prepared. The extract was used in two forms: powder and liquid solution. Subsequently, three distinct application dosages were tested, and the qualitative parameters of each resulting cupcake sample were analyzed. The optimal application option was identified, successfully increasing the micronutrient content of the cupcakes while preserving their desirable physicochemical parameters. Novelty: This study pioneers the systematic incorporation of blueberry fruit extract, in both powder and liquid forms, into flour-based confectionery products (muffins) to create novel functional foods. The research extends beyond simple addition by optimizing the extract's dosage to enhance the micronutrient profile (including anthocyanins and tannins) while simultaneously demonstrating a positive effect on key physicochemical parameters such as cupcake volume, thus maintaining the balance between nutritional enrichment and product quality. As a scientific novelty, it can be observed that with the addition of blueberry extract and a reduction in the corresponding amount of flour, it was possible to reduce the nutritional value of the new product. Conclusion: Blueberry fruit extract, rich in anthocyanins, tannins, and other valuable compounds, was successfully utilized to produce functional muffins. This resulted in a new type of food product characterized by an enriched nutritional composition. The research also demonstrated that the extract's application positively influenced cupcake volume, a crucial quality indicator for such products. Keywords: Blueberry, extract, new technology for muffins, bioactive compounds, functional products.
Enhancing the functional value of watermelon through study of bioactive compounds and grafting potential in Armenia
Background: Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) is a nutritionally valuable fruit, rich in bioactive compounds such as lycopene, β-carotene, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, citrulline, cucurbitacin, vitamins (B, A, C), and essential minerals. These components contribute to numerous health benefits, including antibacterial, anti-atherosclerotic, cardiovascular protective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. This makes watermelon increasingly significant both nutritionally and economically. In Armenia, watermelon is a highly demanded crop; however, its cultivation in the Armavir Marz is frequently challenged by biotic and abiotic stresses, resulting in wilting and yield reduction. Grafting technology offers an effective and environmentally friendly solution to enhance yield, improve fruit quality, and increase resistance to various stresses. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of grafting on watermelon yield, disease resistance, and the content of key bioactive compounds, with the goal of enhancing its functional value. Methods: Seven watermelon F1 hybrids (ES75077, ES75095, ES75111, ES75126, ES75127, ES75169, ES75171) were used as scions and grafted onto the bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) rootstock ES101 from the Ergon Seed Company using the tongue approach. Throughout the growing season, phenological observations and yield component assessments were conducted. The content of ascorbic acid (AA), total phenolic content (TPC), lycopene, and sugars was determined spectrophotometrically. The presence of Fusarium oxysporum was detected using real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) to quantify infection rates and assess the resistance of grafted combinations. All experimental data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA. Results: Grafting significantly increased the productivity of all watermelon varieties, up to 2.1 times compared to non-grafted plants. The most notable increases were observed in variants ES75127 (2.1-fold) and ES75171 (1.9-fold). This enhanced yield is primarily attributed to an increase in average fruit weight (ranging from 8 kg to 14 kg) and a higher number of fruits per plant, likely due to the rootstock's robust system enhancing water and nutrient uptake. Furthermore, grafting substantially improved the fruits’ nutritional quality. Lycopene content in grafted plants increased by 1.1 to 2.3 mg/100 g fresh weight compared to non-grafted counterparts, with variants ES75127 and ES75111 demonstrating particularly high levels of lycopene, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic content. Phytosanitary assessments confirmed that grafted plants exhibited significantly lower infection rates of Fusarium oxysporum, thereby enhancing resistance and mitigating disease impact, especially in lines ES75127 and ES75111. Novelty: This is the first study to introduce watermelon grafting in Armenia, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to combat soil-borne diseases and improve yields. Grafted plants not only display enhanced vegetative vigor but also show elevated levels of bioactive compounds, thereby improving both functional food potential and agricultural performance. Conclusion: Grafting is an effective strategy for enhancing both the productivity and nutritional profile of watermelon, especially regarding bioactive compounds associated with health benefits. Our comparative analysis identified the grafted variant ES75127 as the most productive, excelling in lycopene, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and sugar content, while also exhibiting strong resistance to Fusarium oxysporum. Keywords: watermelon, lycopene, ascorbic acid, total phenols, Fusarium resistance, productivity
Production of citric acid from fermentation solution by cultivation Aspergillus niger-1 strain on an extract obtained from topinambur (Helianthus tuberosus) artichoke tubers
Background: Citric acid is an organic hydroxycarboxylic tribasic acid. It is widely distributed in plants: in berries, citrus fruits, for example, in lemons, up to 9% of dry weight. Citric acid is used in many industrial processes, but it is most frequently used as a flavoring ingredient and preservative in food products. Because of its beneficial antioxidant properties, citric acid helps control acidity and aids in digestion. Citric acid is traditionally produced by microbiological synthesis using beet molasses as the primary raw material during the metabolism of the producer strain Aspergillus niger-1. Objective: Nowadays, the microbial synthesis of citric acid also depends on the utilization of readily available and reasonably priced products as raw materials. This study reports on the biosynthesis of citric acid by the producer strain Aspergillus niger-1 on an extract derived from the tubers of the Jerusalem artichoke plant that contains inulin. Currently, the synthesis of citric acid with microbes is also associated with the use of readily available products as raw materials. This study describes the biosynthesis of citric acid during the growth of the producer strain Aspergillus niger-1 on an extract derived from Jerusalem artichoke tubers and containing inulin. Methods: To prepare the extract, water was added to the crushed Jerusalem artichoke tubers in a ratio of 1:2. The inulin content in the extract was determined spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 490 nm. Fungi were grown on a shaker for submerged cultivation for seven days. HPLC and neutralization methods were used to determine the concentration of citric acid in the samples. Results: After a series of treatments, 2.0 liters of aqueous extract were obtained from crushed Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) tubers, which contained about 6.5–7.0% inulin. On the fifth day of culture development, the fungus fermentation solution had the highest concentration of citric acid (5.8%), of which 4.3% citric acid was found in the supernatant. Ultimately, 3.5 g of milky-white crystalline powder was isolated from the supernatant, the yield of which was 60.3% of the amount of citric acid in the fermentation solution. Conclusion: To date, the aqueous extract from Jerusalem artichoke tubers has not been utilized as a carbon source for the microbiological synthesis of citric acid. Due to its high inulin content, resistance to environmental stressors, and minimal agricultural requirements, we proposed studying the possibility of obtaining citric acid from inulin-containing raw materials—Topinambur tubers (Helianthus tuberosus)—using microorganisms. Novelty of the study: The scientific novelty lies in obtaining citric acid from an aqueous extract from tubers of topinambur, which is an alternative to the classic method of obtaining citric acid from beet molasses. Since this is a multi-stage process, molasses is an expensive raw material. Keywords: Topinambur (Helianthus tuberosus), inulin-containing extract, Aspergillus niger, fermentation solution, supernatant, citric acid powder, food additives
Comparison of the antihypertensive effect of maguey (Agave salmiana) sap concentrate extracts by in vitro and in vivo tests
Introduction: The use of antihypertensive drugs causes side effects that lead to treatment discontinuation; therefore, plants containing polyphenols and saponins represent a viable alternative. Previous studies indicate that maguey sap concentrate (SC) contains these bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to compare the antihypertensive effect of maguey SC extracts through in vitro and in vivo tests. Methods: In the in vitro study, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition was measured with butanolic and methanolic extracts of SC (100-250 ppm). For the in vivo tests, 48 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: negative control (C), positive control (E): enalapril (25 mg/kg/day), BE1 and BE2: butanolic extracts (250 and 500 mg/kg/day) and ME1 and ME2: methanolic extracts (500 and 750 mg/kg/day). Their blood pressure was measured once a week for 28 days. In addition, blood samples were taken to determine glucose, creatinine, C-reactive protein, cholesterol, sodium potassium, calcium, and platelet count. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, and their livers, kidneys, and hearts were preserved for histopathological analysis. Results: Both extracts showed ACE inhibition greater than 90%. All treatments, except C, showed a decrease in blood pressure at 28 days; however, the ME2 treatment had an effect like that of enalapril (P>0.05). Blood test results showed an increase in glucose levels, although within normal parameters, C-reactive protein levels are outside or above the maximum allowed limit except in those treated with enalapril. This research demonstrates for the first time the antihypertensive effect of methanolic and butanolic extracts obtained from maguey sap concentrate, opening the possibility of using them in the production of functional foods, as well as promoting the production and consumption of maguey sap, adding value to this natural resource. Conclusion: The results of this study introduce the possibility of further exploring the bioactive compounds in aguamiel concentrate. Although the methanolic extract was able to lower blood pressure, it should only be considered as an adjunct to pharmacological treatments, and the possible toxicological effect of the extracts in the long term should be explored in greater detail. Keywords: hypertension; sap; aguamiel; agave; saponins; antioxidants
Evaluation and comparative studies of the dissolution profiles of gummi armeniacae and PVP-containing Acetaminophen tablets
Background: Prunus armeniaca gum is a functional food ingredient with beneficial antioxidant properties. As a natural polymer, like different gums, it possesses high binding capacity as well as other pleasing properties like preservatives, fillers, and sustained release. The usage of apricot gum as a food and pharmacy formulation additive provides a more economical option than synthetic polymers like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Gummi Armeniacae, similar to Gummi Arabica, is widely used as an excipient in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Objectives: This study aimed to formulate 50 mg acetaminophen tablets using either Gummi Armeniacae or PVP as a binder and compare their dissolution profiles in different media. Methods: For research purposes, the purified and standardized Gummi Armeniaca collected from the Arzni region was used. Acetaminophen 50 mg, and the PVP or Gummi Armeniacae as a binder, containing tablets, were produced at the “Arpimed” Pharmaceutical LLC. The characterization of the obtained tablets was conducted according to the tablet's USP quality requirements. The dissolution profiles of Acetaminophen 50 mg tablets were carried out according to WHO Guidance (the paddle speed was 75 rpm, the temperature was 37±0.5°C, and the dissolution media volume was 900 mL) in three dissolution media with pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8. Results: At Arpimed Pharmaceutical Company, two series of 50 mg Acetaminophen tablets with two different compositions were produced (PVP K30 and standardized powder of Gummi Armeniacae). The results of general tablet quality testing procedures, including average mass, uniformity of mass, thickness, diameter, assay, friability, and disintegration time, corresponded to USP requirements. PVP and Gummi Armeniacae containing Acetaminophen 50 mg tablets exhibited high solubility in three different (pH 1.2, 4.5, 6.8) dissolution media (≥85% of the labeled amount of drug in 30 minutes). Furthermore, the comparative dissolution profile study indicates that tablets containing Gummi Armeniacae dissolve rapidly in hydrochloric acid media at pH 1.2. Moreover, the rate of acetaminophen dissolution from this formulation decreases as the pH shifts from 1.2 to 6.8. Conclusions: Tablets containing Gummi Armeniacae as a binder possess pH-dependent drug substance release from tablets. Further studies could recommend it as a bonding excipient for the tablet manufacturing process. Keywords: Gummi Armeniacae, Acetaminophen tablets, Binder, Dissolution profile, PVP
Isolation and identification of the active compounds found in aromatic oils extracted from Mentha longifolia and their use in the extension shelf life of frozen beef patties
Background: Wild mint is a perennial herb from the mint family, native to Europe. It is considered beneficial to the human body, as it has long been used to treat many diseases and problems that affect humans. For thousands of years, medicinal herbs and plants have been used to treat various types of diseases and to improve health care for individuals. Objective: The study aimed to demonstrate the effect of using Mentha longifolia, as it is a substance rich in essential fatty acids, tocopherols, and flavonoids, as effective natural antioxidants and antimicrobials, and its inclusion in food manufacturing, such as the manufacture of meat products such as burgers. Materials and Methods: Our main goal was to use Mentha longifolia, extracted from the Stachys plant using a Clevenger apparatus, and a standardized burger mix was prepared from it. The mixture was divided into four treatments, with Mentha longifolia (T2, T3, and T4) added at 1, 2, and 3% oil, respectively, in addition to the control treatment, T1, without any addition. Microbial tests were conducted on burger patty samples for all treatments before freezing. The treatments were stored at -18°C for 60 days, and tests were performed twice a month. Results: The results of estimating fatty acids using GC-MS technology confirmed that Mentha longifolia contained reasonable amounts of some essential fatty acids. Examining flavonoid content using HPLC showed that Mentha longifolia contains 38 compounds, the most important of which are Caffeic Acid, 4-Hydroxy, Quercetin, and Apigenin. The logarithm of the total numbers of aerobic bacteria, refrigeration bacteria, and staphylococci reached 5.56-5.69, 1.47-1.60, and 4.39-4.44 / g, freezing for 60 days led to a decrease in these values, and the severity of the decline was directly proportional to the percentage of adding Mentha longifolia. Treatments T3 and T4 recorded the lowest values compared to the control treatment. Statistical analysis revealed that the results were not significant at P ≤ 0.05. Keywords: burgers, Wild mint, Mentha longifolia, Antimicrobials from plant sources, Storing meat in the freezer, antioxidant.
Development of a waste-free technology for comprehensive processing of Cornus mas (dogwood) fruits: Production of natural viscous extract and medical suppositories with potential anti-hemorrhoidal activity
Background: Cornus mas (dogwood) is well known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, making it a promising candidate for hemorrhoid treatment. Traditional medicine recommends consuming dogwood with seeds due to their oil content, which provides lubrication and alleviates symptoms such as pain, itching, and bleeding. Scientific medicine shows particular interest in ripe fruits and dogwood seeds for their ability to strengthen local immunity and aid in treating early-stage hemorrhoids. This growing interest has increased demand for multifunctional products such as biologically enriched nutraceuticals that combine therapeutic and preventive effects, necessitating precise qualitative and quantitative enrichment with bioactive compounds. Objective: The development of an advanced technology designed to fulfill the criteria for the isolation and preservation of biologically active substances in their native form, as well as for the production of medicinal formulations based on them, remains relevant. Highly efficient methods for isolating fatty acids and anthocyanins without changing native structures and with high chemical yields (≥ 90%) and purified from mineral salts will be developed. Optimal conditions for obtaining medical suppositories based on isolated native BAS will be selected. Methods: The qualitative and quantitative determination of fatty acid composition via gas chromatography was conducted. The elemental analysis of the seeds and pulp was performed using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (Agilent 5800 VDV ICP-OES) and the total anthocyanins content in the viscous extract was estimated by spectrophotometric method. The production of medicinal suppositories was carried out using the fusion-molding method. Results: A waste-free technology for complex utilization of dogwood fruits has been formulated, allowing the production of natural dogwood viscous extract, as well as mixtures of anthocyanins and fatty acids from primary production meals (pits and peel of pulp). Using fatty acid mixture, laboratory samples of medical suppositories with potential antihemorrhoidal activity have been obtained. Novelty: The novelty of this study lies in the development of a method that preserves the integrity of bioactive compounds (BACs) and enables their use in medicinal products, particularly in suppositories with potential antimicrobial and antihemorrhoidal effects. Conclusion: The development of a waste-free technology for the comprehensive processing of Cornus mas fruits presents a promising, eco-friendly alternative to conventional synthetic methods for producing agents with potential antimicrobial and antihemorrhoidal activity. This natural-based approach not only reduces environmental impact and production costs but also offers considerable social benefits by providing sustainable and accessible medicines. Keywords: Cornus mas, anthocyanins, fatty acids, hemorrhoidal disease, natural extracts, bioactive compounds, functional foods, therapeutic potential.
Nodule bacteria and cyanobacterial symbionts: Biological drivers of sustainable crop production and healthy nutrition
Background: Chemical fertilizers negatively impact soil health and biodiversity, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable biological alternatives. Nodule-forming bacteria are well recognized for their ability to establish symbiotic associations with leguminous crops, enabling biological nitrogen fixation and promoting environmentally sustainable agriculture. At the same time, legumes represent a cornerstone of functional food science, providing high-quality proteins, bioactive compounds, and micronutrients essential for human health. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of co-inoculating legume crops with native strains of nodule bacteria and cyanobacteria on plant growth in humus-deficient soils, yield performance, grain nutritional quality, and their potential contribution to functional food development. Methods: Field trials were conducted using pea, soybean, and peanut crops inoculated with microbial consortia comprising symbiotic nodule bacteria (Rhizobium leguminosarum, Bradyrhizobium arachidis, B. japonicum) and cyanobacteria (Nostoc PCC 7807, Arthrospira platensis). Key agronomic parameters, including biometric traits, pod and seed weight, nodulation efficiency, grain protein content, and yield components, were measured and subjected to statistical analysis under humus-deficient soil conditions. Results: Co-inoculation significantly enhanced plant performance across all tested crops. Peanut pod weight increased by up to 120%, while soybean nodulation improved by 60% compared to the uninoculated control. Grain protein content increased by 3–7%, with improved amino acid balance, directly strengthening the functional food value of legumes. Total yield rose by as much as 67%, highlighting the strong synergistic potential of microbial consortia for sustainable crop production and nutritionally enriched food sources. Novelty: This study presents a novel biofertilizer formulation combining four functionally distinct bacterial taxa with nitrogen-fixing and nutrient-mobilizing capabilities. In addition to symbiotic nodule bacteria, the formulation includes free-living Azotobacter, phosphate-solubilizing bacilli, and two cyanobacterial species (Arthrospira platensis, Nostoc sp.), linking soil microbiology innovations with functional food science by enhancing protein density and nutritional quality in legumes. Conclusion: The results confirm that synergistic interactions between cyanobacteria and nodule bacteria significantly enhance legume productivity, grain quality, and functional food potential. The developed biofertilizer based on nitrogen-fixing, phosphate-solubilizing, and photosynthetic microbes proved effective in improving yields of soybean, peanut, and pea under low-humus soil conditions, offering a sustainable strategy to support agroecology, food security, and the production of health-promoting plant-based foods. Keywords: nodule bacteria, cyanobacteria, symbiosis, legumes, humus-deficient soils, sustainable agroecology and functional foods, protein enrichment, healthy nutrition
Effects of Ginger Extract Powder E on attention as a Cognitive Function: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled parallel study
Background/Objectives: Ginger Extract Powder E is a heat-processed ginger preparation enriched in 6-shogaol.. It has been reported to reduce fatigue caused by desk workload, as well as eye fatigue and shoulder stiffness. However, there is a lack of research investigating the effects of Ginger Extract Powder E on cognitive function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Ginger Extract Powder E intake on cognitive function after Visual Display Terminal (VDT) work in healthy adults who experienced eye fatigue and reduced concentration during the task. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted on 88 healthy adult male and female aged 21 to 73 years. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a test food containing Ginger Extract Powder E (100 mg) or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. Participants were assessed at weeks 0 and 12 using Cognitrax and the critical flicker-fusion frequency after 60 minutes of VDT work. Results: At 12 weeks of intervention, the primary outcome—Complex Attention score on the Cognitrax assessment—was significantly higher in the Ginger Extract Powder E group compared with the placebo group, with values exceeding the mean. Conclusions: The results suggest that continuous intake of Ginger Extract Powder E prevents attention decline induced by VDT work and helps maintain concentration. Additionally, no adverse events were observed under the conditions of this study, and there were no safety issues. Trial registration: jRCT 1030240208 Keywords: Ginger extract; VDT work; attention; concentration; cognitive function
Effects of seabuckthorn juice consumption on erythropoietin production, fatigue, and quality of life in women: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study
Background: Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has attracted interest for mitigating transient fatigue, but clinical evidence remains limited. Although a few preliminary reports suggest potential benefits for fatigue and quality of life, high-quality clinical data are scarce: prior studies have often been small, nonrandomized or open-label, short in duration, and used heterogeneous endpoints with a risk of bias, and preregistered RCTs are rare. This study aimed to address these gaps. Objective: To evaluate the effects of seabuckthorn juice on fatigue and quality of life (QOL) in premenopausal women and to explore a mechanistic link via erythropoietin (EPO) induction. Methods: We conducted an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial to evaluate the anti-fatigue and quality-of-life effects of seabuckthorn juice. Sixty healthy premenopausal women (20–50 years) with stable menstrual cycles, desk-bound jobs, and transient fatigue with decreased vitality were randomized 1:1 to seabuckthorn juice or a matched control juice. The primary endpoint was Profile of Mood States 2 (POMS2) scores. Secondary endpoints included hematologic indices (hemoglobin [Hb], ferritin, iron-binding capacity), serum erythropoietin (EPO), visual analog scale (VAS) fatigue after a Kraepelin test load, and Stress Response Scale-18 (SRS-18). A mechanistic in-vitro substudy tested isorhamnetin (a seabuckthorn flavonol) for EPO induction in HepG2 cells. Results: Compared with placebo, seabuckthorn juice significantly improved POMS2 outcomes at week 8, showing lower Total Mood Disturbance, fatigue-related scores, higher vitality/energy, and friendliness subscales. Hematologic endpoints favored seabuckthorn: ferritin, Hb, and EPO were significantly higher at weeks 4 and 8, with greater changes from baseline versus placebo. VAS-rated fatigue after the Kraepelin task was significantly reduced in the seabuckthorn group at weeks 4 and 8. In vitro, isorhamnetin increased EPO production in HepG2 cells, supporting biological plausibility. Conclusion: Eight weeks of seabuckthorn juice consumption improved mood-related fatigue metrics and quality of life, enhanced blood health via increased EPO and Hb, and reduced work-related fatigue in premenopausal women; in-vitro findings suggest isorhamnetin-mediated EPO induction as a potential mechanism. Keywords: saji; sea buckthorn; QOL; POMS2; Hb; erythropoietin
Volatile signatures and antioxidant potentials of white mugwort (Artemisia lactiflora) extracts in emulsions: The influence of pH on functionality and stability
Background: White mugwort (Artemisia lactiflora), a medicinal plant native to several Asian countries, is known for its antioxidant-rich compounds and aromatic volatiles, making it a promising natural additive in food and cosmetic emulsions. However, its stability and effectiveness can be influenced by environmental factors, especially pH. Objective: This study investigated the volatile compound composition and antioxidant efficiency of white mugwort in its fresh and dried forms under different pH conditions (3, 5, and 7), with the aim of exploring its potential as a natural antioxidant in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Methods: Volatile compounds were analyzed using GC-MS. The antioxidant efficiency of white mugwort extract was evaluated in O/W emulsions at different concentrations (200, 400, and 600 ppm) and compared with BHT and α-tocopherol (both at 200 ppm) using peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays. Results: Volatile compounds were analyzed by GC-MS, identifying 31 compounds in fresh samples and 34 in dried samples. Drying at 50 °C for 24 hours caused reductions in several key volatiles, including β-Myrcene, β-cis-Ocimene, 3-Carene, and γ-Gurjunene. Conversely, compounds such as Santolina triene, Caryophyllene, and Bicyclosesquiphellandrene increased, indicating thermal degradation and chemical conversion during drying. pH significantly influenced the volatile profiles. These findings highlight the role of pH-driven chemical reactions in aroma stability. The antioxidant study showed that antioxidant efficiency increased with higher extract concentrations. Extracts at pH 3 and 5 demonstrated stronger antioxidant activity than those at pH 7, evidenced by longer lag times in lipid hydroperoxide formation and lower TBARS values. This pH-dependent behavior was not observed with BHT or α-tocopherol, suggesting a unique interaction between white mugwort phenolics and the emulsion interface. Novelty: This study provides novel insights into the volatile compound dynamics and antioxidant properties of white mugwort under varying processing and environmental conditions, with a particular focus on pH- and dose-dependent antioxidant performance in emulsions. These findings hold significant scientific and industrial relevance. Conclusion: Overall, white mugwort extract demonstrated promising potential as a natural antioxidant, especially under mildly acidic conditions, with superior performance to α-tocopherol and applicability in clean-label formulations. Additionally, insights into pH effects on volatile stability contribute to improving aroma retention in food and cosmetic products. Keywords: Aromatic, Medicinal plant, Natural antioxidant, Oil-in-water emulsion
Polysaccharides from split gill mushrooms (Schizophyllum commune Fr.) improve glucose metabolism and reduce muscleinflammation in a rat model of type 2 diabetes
Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) contributes to muscle inflammation and impaired glucose metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of polysaccharides extracted from Schizophyllum commune Fr. (split gill mushroom) on glucose metabolism and muscle inflammation in a rat model of insulin resistance. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: normal diet (ND), ND with 240 mg/kg body weight (BW) S. commune polysaccharides (ND240), high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats (HFD+DM), HFD+DM treated with S. commune polysaccharides (HFD+S240), and HFD+DM treated with metformin (HFD+Met). Blood glucose levels were monitored weekly for eight weeks. Muscle tissues were then collected for histological staining, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy to assess inflammation markers (TNF-α, IL-1β) and expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Results: Rats in the HFD+DM group exhibited elevated blood glucose levels, increased inflammation, and reduced GLUT4 and GLP-1R expression. Treatment with S. commune polysaccharides significantly lowered blood glucose levels, reduced inflammatory markers, and restored the expression of GLUT4 and GLP-1R, with results comparable to metformin-treated rats. Conclusions: These findings suggest that S. commune polysaccharides may ameliorate hyperglycemia-induced muscle inflammation and enhance insulin sensitivity, supporting their potential as a natural therapeutic candidate for managing T2DM. Novelty: This study demonstrates, for the first time, that polysaccharides extracted from Schizophyllum commune Fr. (split gill mushroom) significantly reduce muscle inflammation and improve glucose metabolism in a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. The crude extract restored GLUT4 and GLP-1 receptor expression, decreased TNF-α and IL-1β levels, and preserved muscle fiber architecture, as confirmed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. These findings suggest a novel therapeutic role of S. commune polysaccharides in ameliorating diabetes- related muscle dysfunction. Keywords: Diabetes, muscle, polysaccharide, Schizophyllum commune Fr., GLUT4, GLP-1R
Precise nutritional modulation of cancer biomarkers through the employment of functional foods and bioactive compounds
Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, prompting growing interest in preventive strategies that target early molecular changes. Functional foods (FFs), defined as bioactive-rich dietary components with health-promoting properties, have emerged as promising modulators of cancer-related biomarkers. This article reviews clinical and preclinical evidence on the influence of FFs and food bioactive compounds(FBCs) on key biomarkers, such as including HER2, Ki-67, PSA, and CEA, across various cancer types. Mechanistic insights reveal that these dietary compounds exert their effects through epigenetic modulation, anti-inflammatory signaling, reduction of oxidative stress, and regulation of apoptosis and the gut microbiome. Applications of these findings extend to biomarker-based early detection, dietary chemoprevention, and personalized nutrition strategies. However, limitations such as biomarker specificity, variable bioavailability, and a lack of long-term randomized trials continue to hinder clinical translation. Future directions emphasize the need for integrated omics approaches, development of multi-marker panels, and personalized dietary interventions supported by novel delivery systems. FFs hold significant promise in oncology, but rigorous, longitudinal studies are essential to validate their role in cancer prevention and precision medicine. Novelty: This article uniquely synthesizes current clinical and preclinical evidence linking FFs and BCs to specific cancer-related biomarkers, while emphasizing mechanistic pathways and translational challenges. It further proposes integrated omics-based strategies and personalized nutrition approaches to enhance biomarker-guided cancer prevention, —an area that remains underexplored in current literature. Keywords: Functional foods, Bioactive Compounds, cancer biomarkers, chemoprevention, epigenetics, metabolomics, personalized nutrition, sulforaphane, bioavailability, dietary intervention, early detection.
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Clinical assessment of CL22209, a standardized proprietary extract of Asparagus racemosus, for mitigating vasomotor and menstrual symptoms in perimenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Background: Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and menstrual discomfort are prevalent and distressing manifestations during the menopausal transition in women, significantly impairing the quality of life (QoL). Asparagus racemosus Willd. (family: Asparagaceae) (Shatavari), a revered Rasayana herb in Ayurvedic medicine, has long been used to support female reproductive health. Objective: We investigated the therapeutic potential of CL22209, a standardized A racemosus root extract, in early perimenopausal women. Precisely, it assessed the extract’s ability to alleviate vasomotor symptoms, menstrual discomfort, and hormonal dysregulation through a comprehensive evaluation of symptom scores, reproductive hormone levels, ovarian follicle counts, and patient-reported outcomes, and ensuring its safety and tolerability over a 120-day supplementation. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation, 75 early perimenopausal women (aged 40–50 years) with mild-to-moderate VMS were assigned to receive either CL22209 (50- or 100 mg/day) or placebo over a period of 120 consecutive days. The primary endpoint was the change in total Menopausal Rating Scale (MRS) scores. Secondary outcomes included Hot Flash Weekly Weighted Score (HFWWS), Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ) score, follicle count via ultrasonography, and serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and 17β-estradiol (E2) in the participants. Skin and hair quality, as well as patient-reported outcomes, were also assessed. Safety and tolerability were evaluated through monitoring of hematology, clinical biochemistry, urinalysis, and adverse events. Results: Supplementation with CL22209 at both 50 mg and 100 mg/day significantly reduced MRS scores and HFWWS as compared to baseline and placebo (p < 0.001). Menstrual symptoms, particularly spasmodic and congestive dysmenorrhea, showed marked improvement. Notably, a dose-dependent modulation of FSH, LH, AMH, and E2 levels was observed. No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion: CL22209 demonstrates the efficacy and safety profile as a natural, non-hormonal intervention for alleviating perimenopausal symptoms, providing clinical benefits in symptom reduction, hormonal regulation, and dermatological well-being. The study provides the first clinical evidence of CL22209’s dual central and peripheral endocrine modulation, positioning it as a novel functional food for integrative women's health support during the menopausal transition. Keywords: Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari), Functional Food, Hormonal balance, Menopausal Rating Scale (MRS), Perimenopause. Phytoestrogens, Safety, Vasomotor symptoms.
Heat-inactivated Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto strain QOL (QOLbacillus natto) improves negative mood states: A randomized,double-blind, and placebo-controlled parallel study
Background/Objectives: Heat-inactivated Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto strain QOL (QOL bacillus natto) is a bacterial strain isolated from the fermented food natto and is produced through heat sterilization following pure culture. QOL bacillus natto has been reported to improve sleep quality in healthy adults, and to improve depression-like behavior caused by social defeat stress in animal models. However, there is a lack of research investigating the effects of QOL bacillus natto on psychological stress related to desk work. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of QOL bacillus natto intake on psychological stress in healthy adults prone to fatigue and stress caused by daily desk work. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted on 112 healthy adult males and females aged 24 to 89 years. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a test food containing QOL bacillus natto (100 mg) or a placebo daily for 8 weeks. Participants were assessed at weeks 0 and 8 using the Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition (POMS2), the Ogu-ri-Shirakawa-Azumi Sleep Inventory MA version (OSA-MA), and stress intensity using visual analog scale (VAS). Results: After 8 weeks of intervention, the Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score in POMS2 for the QOL bacillus natto group was below the mean value, and significantly lower than that of the placebo group. Additionally, the Vigor-Activity score in POMS2 for the QOL bacillus natto group was above the mean value, and significantly higher than that of the placebo group. Conclusions: The results suggested that QOL bacillus natto intake enhances vigor and activity, improves negative mood states, and is effective in reducing psychological stress. Trial registration: jRCT1030240202 Keywords: Bacillus subtilis; QOL bacillus natto; Postbiotics; Stress; Negative mood states; POMS
The influence of 2'-fucosyllactose on intestinal cell function: A comprehensive review of experimental studies
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal illnesses that causes preterm neonates to die. This occurs because Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by lipopolysaccharides, and preterm newborns' intestines express TLR4 at far greater levels than those of full-term neonates. NEC occurs in approximately 1 out of every 1,000 live births, with 5% to 10% incidence, and over 90% of cases are observed in infants younger than one month. Certain elements in breast milk have been found to help lower the risk of NEC. This systematic review aims to analyze various experimental studies related to the administration of 2’-Fucosyllactose (2'FL) that have the potential to induce improvement and therapy in NEC cases through intestinal cell function. There have not been many systematic reviews that specifically highlight the therapeutic effects of 2'FL on Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), most of which still address the role of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). The results show that the search flow uses the PRISMA Flowchart; after screening 133 titles and abstracts, 55 studies were accessed to verify the feasibility of the full text. Overall, there were 5 studies selected in this study for a comprehensive review. According to the study's findings, 2'-FL, one of the HMOs, has a number of advantageous impacts on the host's immune system and digestive tract. Among many other advantages, HMOs have been shown to boost the immunological response to vaccinations, influence the makeup of the gut microbiota, and enhance the expression of genes related to gut function. Keywords: NEC, HMOs, 2'-FL, Intestine, TLR4.
Passiflora ligularis extract improved acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative stress markers, and neurocognitive outcomes in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's model in zebrafish
Background: Passiflora ligularis (granadilla) is known for its health benefits, including its potential in managing obesity. inflammation, and diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an extract from P. ligularis fruit (PAS) o neuroinflammation, n cognitive function, and oxidative stress in a zebrafish model of scopolamine (SCO)-induced neurodegeneration. Methods: Flavonoid profile was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV-MS). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) received oral PAS at dose of 4, 6, and 8 µg/ml or donepezil used as positive control (0.65 mg/kg) for 19 days, followed by SCO administration (100 µg/ml) one hour before behavioral tests. These included the novel tank diving test (NTT), Y-maze test, and novel object recognition test (NOR). Post-experiment biochemical brain parameters were analyzed. Results: HPLC-UV-MS identified 11 phenolic compounds previously reported for their neuroprotective potential. PAS treatment significantly improved acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, oxidative stress markers, and neurocognitive impairments, demonstrating effects comparable to the donepezil group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Passiflora ligularis extract may be a promising phytotherapeutic approach for alleviating memory impairment and symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Novelty of the study: This study investigates the effect of Passiflora ligularis extract on neurodegenerative disease in zebrafish model, revealing its potential to alleviate neurocognitive impairments mitigate neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species and acetylcholinesterase. Keyword: Passiflora ligularis; Alzheimer´s disease; neurodegenerative disease; oxidative stress
Rice-derived glucosylceramides up-regulate HLA-DR expression on myeloid dendritic cells to activate innate immune responses in healthy Japanese subjects: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
Introduction: In a prior study, we found that rice-derived glucosylceramides (GlCer) improved overall health and alleviated common cold symptoms, including nasal congestion, sore throat, coughing, headache, muscle pain, and diarrhea. One of the underlying mechanisms may involve the enhanced activation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) through Mincle, a c-type lectin receptor, and toll-like receptors. However, the clinical impact of GlCer on cell-mediated innate immunity, especially concerning APC, is not yet fully understood. Objective: Therefore, we performed a clinical study on the effects of commercially available rice-GlCer (Oryza Ceramide®) on blood dendritic cells (DC). Methods: The study was planned as a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Oryza Ceramide®-PCD (OC-PCD, 20 mg) tablets, each containing 0.6 mg of GlCer, were used as the active tablet. Twenty-two healthy Japanese individuals were enrolled and randomly divided to an active group (n=11) or placebo group (n=11 For 8 weeks, participants took three active tablets (60 mg of OC-PCD) or three placebo tablets daily. DC ratios and CD expression on DC during the intervention were set as the primary outcomes. Results: All subjects finished the trial, and the per protocol set constituted 11 in each group. The myeloid DC (mDC) ratio and CD86 expression were significantly lower in the active group than in the placebo group. In contrast, HLA-DR expression on mDC was slightly higher in the active group. A stratified analysis of subjects with mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for HLA-DR <60,000 revealed a significant high value in HLA-DR expression in the active group. A correlation was observed between changes in MFI values for HLA-DR and CD86 on mDC. However, plasmacytoid DC parameters did not change. Novelty of the Study: Rice-derived GlCer was firstly clarified to enhance innate immune response specifically mDC to improve common cold symptoms through this clinical trial. Conclusions: The oral administration of GlCer affected mDC by up-regulating the expression of HLA-DR and down-regulating CD86, which contribute to antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. The present results suggests that GlCer attenuate cold symptoms by enhancing the interaction between mDC and T lymphocytes. Trial Registration: UMIN-CTR: UMIN000055299 Keywords: rice; glucosylceramide; HLA-DR; dendritic cells; CD86
Algal biomass as a food and feed supplement: Process engineering analysis
Background: The global market for algae-based food and feed supplements is well-established and growing rapidly. The sector has grown fivefold since 2000. While microalgae products still hold a modest market share, the large-scale commercial production of microalgae as a primary source of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and other compounds remains in its early developmental stages. If successfully mass-produced, microalgae could make a significant contribution to global food and feed security. Objective: The study aims to compare the potential of selected algal strains as sustainable sources of high-value biomass for food and feed using a low-cost, solvent-free analytical method based on Near-infrared spectroscopy. Methods: Green unicellular microalgae Chlorella vulgaris Pa-023, Neochloris oleoabundans Pa-022, and cyanobacterium Limnospira maxima Pc-02 were selected and cultivated in bubble column photobioreactors using nitrogen-rich media under LED illumination with red and blue light spectrums. Near-infrared spectroscopy was applied as a non-destructive method to monitor protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content during cultivation. Results: Quantitative analysis revealed distinct biochemical profiles among C. vulgaris, N. oleoabundans, and L. maxima, with protein contents of 49.2, 40.0, and 59.0 g/100 g dry weight, respectively. L. maxima showed the highest protein content, while N. oleoabundans had the highest lipid content (26.0 g/100 g dry weight), suggesting their suitability for protein-rich products and lipid-based applications. A cost-efficiency assessment of L. maxima cultivation in a 100-L photobioreactor (PUEVIT GmbH, Germany) yielded 98 g dry biomass in 7 days, with production costs estimated at €43.56. Novelty: The study uniquely integrates comparative biochemical profiling of algal and cyanobacterial biomass with a cost-efficiency analysis of semi-industrial biomass production. Key innovations include: (i) species-specific application potential; (ii) the first techno-economic assessment of L. maxima cultivation in a controlled photobioreactor; (iii) a practical demonstration of economically viable microalgal biomass production. Conclusion: Near-infrared spectroscopy has proven to be an effective method for non-destructive biomass analysis. However, improving model accuracy requires a broader calibration set with well-characterized standards. Expanding this dataset will enhance the predictive power and reliability of the method. Keywords: algae, high-value biomass, NIR spectrophotometry, food and feed supplement, cost-efficiency.
Effects of dihydrocapsiate on salivary secretion in healthy subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
Purpose: We aimed to assess the effects of dihydrocapsiate (DHC), a non-pungent capsaicin analog, on salivary secretion in individuals experiencing mild dry mouth symptoms. Given the function of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in salivation, we hypothesized that DHC, which activates TRPV1 with minimal irritation, could serve as a novel therapeutic agent for dry mouth (xerostomia). Methods: A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial was conducted involving healthy adults aged 40 to 70 years who reported a tendency toward dry mouth. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a test tablet containing 0.8 mg DHC or a placebo tablet. Saliva secretion was measured using a spitting method before and after tablet administration, with assessments conducted in the morning to minimize diurnal variations. For statistical comparisons, paired Student’s t-tests were applied. Results: DHC intake significantly increased salivary secretion relative to the placebo group (p < 0.05). No adverse events or significant changes in safety parameters, including body weight, BMI, or blood pressure, were recorded during the study. Conclusion: DHC effectively enhanced salivary secretion while minimizing the pungency associated with capsaicin. Its ability to stimulate TRPV1 with low irritation suggests potential as a safe and convenient therapeutic option for individuals experiencing dry mouth. Novelty: This study is the first randomized, placebo-controlled trial to demonstrate that dihydrocapsiate (DHC), a non-pungent capsaicin analog, significantly enhances salivary secretion in healthy individuals. These findings suggest that DHC may serve as a novel and tolerable functional ingredient for the management of oral dryness. Keywords: dihydrocapsiate (DHC), capsaicin, TRPV1, salivary secretion, xerostomia, dry mouth.
The journey of Ayurvedic medicines to nutraceuticals
This review examines the historical evolution of the ancient Indian medical system, Ayurveda, through its precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial eras, along with its transformation into the modern framework of nutraceuticals. The article explores how Prakriti and the Tridosha Theory connect to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, highlighting how doshic imbalances correlate with key molecular pathways involved in inflammation, metabolism, and stress regulation. Integrating traditional Ayurvedic perspectives with biomedical research supports Ayurveda as a promising foundation for advancing personalized healthcare and preventive medicine. During and after the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant global shift toward natural, accessible health solutions. This led to substantial growth in the nutraceutical market. Nutraceuticals are bioactive compounds derived from foods and herbs that provide health benefits by acting as preventive or therapeutic agents in managing chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer. For example, nutraceuticals such as curcumin, resveratrol, and ashwagandha have been shown to modulate gene expression, influence cellular signaling pathways, and reduce oxidative stress, allowing them to enhance an individual’s disease resilience. Ultimately, this review highlights the continued relevance of Ayurveda in the form of nutraceuticals, advancing holistic and integrative global health. Keywords: Ayurveda, Tridosha, Prakriti, nutraceuticals, epigenetics, neurodegenerative diseases, preventative healthcare, metabolism, colonialism, stress, holistic medicine